Adaptive Immune 1
Both Class I and Class II MHC Proteins can be found on these cells
What is an Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC)?
Describe MHC restriction for T-Cell activation
MHC I: Only activates CD8+ into Cytotoxic (TC) T-Cells
MHC II: Only activates CD4+ into Helper (TH) T-Cells
Cytotoxic T-Cells cannot distinguish your self-cells from foreign invaders -- Start attacking self-cells and destroying body tissues
What is autoimmunity?
High carbon dioxide (CO2) and low pH (high H+ concentration) in body tissues enhances the unloading of oxygen (O2) from hemoglobin
What is the Bohr Effect?
Concentration of this gas influences depth and rate of breathing.
What is Carbon Dioxide (CO2)?
Stimulate apoptosis through:
___________ which create pores in the infected cell's membrane, and ___________, a chemical that tells the cell to undergo apoptosis.
What cell is this?
What is
Perforins
Granzymes
Cytotoxic (TC) Cells
Draw the primary and secondary lymphoid organs and explain what happens at these sites
Bone Marrow: T + B cell production, B-Cell maturation site
Thymus: T-Cell maturation site (+/- selection)
Lymph Node: Naive lymphocytes reside here for antigen exposure
Attacks Helper (TH) T-Cells, therefore inhibiting the activation of effector T-Cells, B-Cells, and some macrophages.
What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?
What happens to the affinity of hemoglobin as oxygen is loaded onto it?
What happens to the affinity when oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin?
Loaded: Affinity increases (seats look "better" as each O2 is bound)
Unloaded: Affinity decreases (seats look "worse" as each O2 is released)
On hemoglobin, where does Oxygen (O2) bind (sit), and where does Carbon Dioxide (CO2) bind (sit)?
Oxygen: Bound to each iron (Fe) in heme group
Carbon Dioxide: Bound to the globin (protein)
Masks, marks, or "tags" antigens through processes like neutralization, agglutination and precipitation for APCs to easily engulf them.
What is an Antibody?
BONUS: Which antibody is the 1st to be released in a primary response? Which is released during late primary/early secondary response?
On the board:
Draw the process of clonal selection and expansion of a naive B-Cell
Naive B-Cell --> Cloned + Expanded into Effector (Plasma) Cells + Memory Cells
Leading cause of cancer death in North America; 90% of all cases are a result of smoking
What is lung cancer?
On the board:
Draw the concentration gradient of oxygen (O2) from highest to lowest, then so the same for carbon dioxide (CO2)
O2 Highest to Lowest:
Atmosphere, alveoli, blood, tissues
CO2 Highest to Lowest:
Tissues, blood, alveoli, atmosphere
Explain the relationship of alveoli and surrounding arterioles during ventilation-perfusion coupling.
Which gas controls ventilation? Which gas controls perfusion?
If an alveolus is more full with oxygen, an increase in blood flow to that alveolus will follow; vice versa applies.
CO2 controls ventilation; O2 controls perfusion -- How do you know?
List the steps taken in T-Cell maturation AND activation that act as safety measures, to ensure that faulty T-Cells are not produced and released.
MATURATION: Immunocompetence self-tolerance
ACTIVATION: Antigen binding, co-stimulation, release of cytokines
Explain the function of cytokines. What cell is this chemical released from?
What do you think would happen if there is no more of that cell to perform this function?
Sign-off chemical to finalize activation of other T-Cells, B-Cells and some macrophages. Released from Helper (TH) T-Cells.
If there is no Helper (TH) Cell, then there is no adaptive immune response.
The immune system sees a harmless exogenous antigen as a pathogen and stimulates an unnecessary immune response
What is a hypersensitivity?
BONUS: Give an example of a hypersensitivityWhat is Venous Reserve?
The amount of oxygen that remains in venous blood that can still be used
(Example: why you can hold your breath)
Describe the different pressures regarding the respiratory system?
Which pressure is lowest, and why is it important?
PATM: Pressure of the atmosphere; ~760mmHg at sea level
PPUL: Pressure inside the alveoli; lower than PATM
PIP: Pressure within the pleural cavity; always ~4mmHg less than PPUL -- Important to keep the lungs open and not collapse
Describe the T-Cell maturation process to become naive (mature) T-Cells?
What happens if the cells fail this process?
Immunocompetence: Must recognize self-MHC proteins
Self-Tolerance: Must NOT recognize self-antigens
- Failure in either of these results in apoptosis of the immature cell
Look for cell without an MHC protein on their surface -- stimulates apoptosis of those mutated cells
What are Natural Killer (NK) Cells?
Emphysema: Loss of lung elasticity and destruction of alveolar walls
Chronic Bronchitis: Excessive mucus production and chronic productive coughing
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Draw on the board:
Demonstration of Boyle's Law and the relationship between pressure and volume of the lungs
P1V1 = P2V2
As volume in the lungs increases, pressure within them decreases (breathing in) and vice versa
The partial pressure (concentration) of gases in an atmospheric mixture will dissolve when in liquid in proportion to their concentration
What is Henry's Law?
BONUS: Which gas is 20x more soluble than Oxygen (O2)?
How do you think this would affect a 50/50 mixture?