Memory
(CH. 7)
(CH. 7)
While driving past a bright neon billboard at night, the visual image of the advertisement lingers in your vision for less than a second after you look away. This momentary visual store is an example of what memory system?
What is iconic memory?
A toddler points directly at a golden retriever walking across the park and loudly shouts, "DOG!" This basic milestone demonstrates the comprehension of words before full syntactic fluency, which falls under which level of language?
What are morphemes (or semantics)?
After learning the correct answer to a difficult exam question you missed, you catch yourself thinking, "Wow I knew that, it was so obvious!"
What is hindsight bias?
A researcher is studying dietary habits by gathering data from 25 people across different age groups (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years old) all at the exact same point in time. What type of research design is being utilized?
What is a cross-sectional design?
A customer tries to memorize a credit card number by grouping the 16 digits into four distinct four-digit blocks, expanding their short-term memory capacity. What technique is this?
What is chunking?
A medical student performs significantly better on an anatomy practical exam when tested inside the actual cadaver lab where they studied all semester, demonstrating this type of learning.
What is context-dependent learning?
You are trying to figure out why your kitchen toaster won't turn on. Instead of guessing randomly, you systematically test every possible cause step-by-step: first checking if it's plugged in, then testing the wall outlet with another appliance, and finally checking the circuit breaker. This rigid, step-by-step procedure is known as what?
What is an algorithm?
A student deeply believes that playing video games improves hand-eye coordination. When reading a research article on the topic, she carefully highlights every paragraph that supports her belief while completely skimming over and dismissing a larger study in the same paper showing no effect.
What is confirmation bias?
A parent listens to a teenager’s request for a later curfew, explains the safety concerns, and sets a firm limit while remaining supportive.
What is authoritative parenting?
Whenever 4-year-old Leo's mother drops him off at preschool, he becomes intensely distressed, clings desperately to her leg, and screams. Yet when she returns to pick him up, he runs toward her crying while simultaneously pushing her away and acting angrily. Which attachment style does Leo's behavior demonstrate?
What is insecure-anxious attachment?
After switching from a manual car transmission to an automatic one, you keep reaching with your right hand for a nonexistent gear shifter out of pure habit.
What is proactive interference?
While camping, you realize you need to secure a tarp over your tent, but you only have a heavy wrench and a roll of duct tape. Because you are so used to using a wrench exclusively for tightening nuts and bolts, it takes you a long time to realize you can use it as a paperweight or hammer. What obstacle to problem solving were you experiencing?
What is functional fixedness?
After watching a terrifying news report about a rare shark attack on vacation, a tourist refuses to ever swim in the ocean again, overestimating the risk because it came to mind so easily.
What is the availability heuristic?
A toddler calls all four-legged animals “dogs.” After learning that cats are different, she changes her understanding and creates a separate category for cats. This learning process explains the change in her thinking.
What is accommodation?
An experienced chef chops vegetables at lightning speed while talking to a friend, but completely stumbles if someone asks them to explain the exact wrist movements step-by-step. This highlights what type of memory?
What is implicit memory?
A person reads a fake news story on a joke website, forgets where they saw it months later, and repeats the story as a real fact learned from a credible news outlet. This mix-up is known as...
What is source monitoring confusion?
Noam Chomsky proposed that children are born with an innate mental structure containing the foundational rules for grammar and sentence construction, which he called what?
What is a language acquisition device (LAD)?
ou are hiring a new software engineer and interview a candidate who is quiet, wears thick glasses, loves coding in their basement, and is socially awkward. You immediately think, "They're a brilliant programmer," completely ignoring the reality that many great engineers are outgoing and that the vast majority of applicants share similar qualifications.
What is the representativeness heuristic?
During a science experiment, an 8-year-old child easily categorizes a collection of wooden beads by both color and shape simultaneously, and can perform basic mental arithmetic. However, when asked to think about abstract philosophical concepts like "justice" or hypothetical political systems, the child struggles. According to Piaget, what developmental stage is this child in?
What is the concrete operational stage?
An older editor takes longer to solve unfamiliar puzzles but still demonstrates excellent vocabulary and extensive grammar knowledge. These are the type of intelligence that may have declined and the type that remains strong, respectively.
What is fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
A museum visitor attends an art exhibition and views a famous painting. Afterwards, a researcher casually asks them, "Did you notice the silver pocket watch the man in the blue hat was wearing?" Even though there was no watch in the original painting, the visitor later distinctly remembers seeing a silver pocket watch on canvas when tested. What memory effect does this demonstrate?
What is the misinformation effect?
You get stuck on a difficult statistics homework problem and keep trying the exact same flawed formula over and over because it worked for the previous five problems, completely blind to a much simpler shortcut. What obstacle has your mind fallen into?
What is a mental set?
When judging whether a coin flip sequence like H-T-H-H-T is more likely than H-H-H-H-H, people incorrectly judge the mixed sequence as more probable because it matches their mental image of random chance, and they ignore what mathematical probability?
What are base rates?
A high school student is struggling deeply with "who they are," trying on different social groups, career interests, and values while feeling overwhelmed by role confusion. According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which developmental conflict is the student navigating?
What is identity vs. role confusion (the adolescent stage)?
During a casual text conversation, your friend writes, "We should talk," without any punctuation, emojis, or facial expressions. Because you are missing vocal tone, body language, and facial expressions, you struggle to interpret their true meaning due to a lack of what level of language analysis?
What is extralinguistic information?