Opioids
What are the 3 uses of opioids?
analgesia, sedation, induction when combined with other drugs
Ultra-short acting barbiturates duration and example?
duration- minutes
ex: sodium or methohexital
what does overzealous intubation cause
tracheal irritation, trauma or tracheal rupture. THese can cause tracheitis, post op cough, pneumomediastinum, or pneumothorax.
Anesthetic maintenance definition and drugs used
maintain patient on surgical place
injectable anesthetics, inhalants, or both
How would propofol affect a patient with hypoproteinemia?
less protein for propofol to bind, potency increased, exaggerated effects
What are the 6 most common opioids?
morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, fentanyl, meperidine, buprenorphine
Why are barbiturates not used as often today?
newer safer drugs and inhaled anesthetics
What an happen if tube is kinked or obstructed?
dyspnea or hypoxemia, asphyxia and cardiac arrest can occur if not corrected
Least and most common method of anesthetic maintenance
least- IV boluses or CRI of injectables
most- inhaled anesthetics via a machine
Etomidate is good for muscle relaxation, what can be seen during recovery?
myoclonus (spontaneous muscle twitches)
How do opioids work?
Opioid receptors are found throughout the body. Analgesic and Sedative effects occur due to action on receptors in brain and spinal cord. Variations in affinity and intrinsic activity based on species or individuals.
What is bigeminy
normal QRS complex alternates with abnormal complex, it is not life threatening
Endotracheal intubaton can cause what especially in brachycephalic breeds?
bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, possible cardiac arrest
What are IM injections used for?
animals where IV injection is difficult (aggressive or wild animals)
What are effects of alfaxalone that are unlike propofol?
cardiovascular depression minimal at clinical doses, HR may increase
Opioids decrease ventilation, what does this cause and what should you avoid?
Increase intraocular and intracranial pressures, avoid hypoventilation
What effects do barbiturates have on sight hounds?
Sighthounds metabolize barbiturates slower; longer recovery times
It is normal post op to see what?
minor irritation of larynx and trachea, slight cough for 1-2 days
What happens if IM drugs go SC or into fascia?
incomplete absorption, maybe longer induction or blunted effects
What can morphine after an IV injection cause?
release of histamine, vasodilation, contributes to systemic hypotension
When are opioids contraindicated?
animals where vomiting is detrimental
Why were barbiturates used commonly for general anesthesia?
low cost, easy to use, safe for healthy animals
It is important to do what when intubating even if the patient is difficult?
intubate quick to prevent airway collapse
Why is IV induction the most common route?
patients are unconscious with a few minutes or seconds and pass thru stage II excitement phase quickly
What does Nalaxone do?
reverse CNS and respiratory depression caused by opioids by combining competitively to opioid receptors