Chapter 11
What is the CNS and PNS each made up of?
CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord
PNS: nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord
The four regions of the brain
Diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres
What is a spinal reflex?
•occur without direct involvement of higher brain centers
–Brain isstill advised of spinal reflex activity and may have an effect on the reflex
The autonomic nervous system innervates..
•smooth muscles
•cardiac muscle
•glands
What are the two main types of synapses?
chemical and electrical
Four main neuroglia of CNS
The difference between longitudinal and transverse fissures
•Longitudinal fissure
–Separates two hemispheres
•Transverse cerebral fissure
Separates cerebrum and cerebellum
Four major branches of brachial plexus and upper limb
•Roots—five ventral rami (C5–T1) unite to form…
•Trunks—upper, middle, and lower, which unite to form…
•Divisions—anterior and posterior, which unite to form …
•Cords—lateral, medial, and posterior
What types of neurotransmitters are produced during post and preganglion in the ANS?
NE and Ach
What does the pineal gland secrete?
melatonin
The gates open during depolarization and threshold and the gate open during hyper polarization and how far from threshold
Depolarization: Na+ gates open and threshold -55mV
Hyperpolarization: K+ gates open and -75,-80,-85mV from threshold
Name the five lobes
–Frontal
–Parietal
–Temporal
–Occipital
–Insula (Deep)
Where do the ventral and dorsal rami supply
–Dorsal rami supplyposteriorbody trunk
–Ventral rami supplyrest of trunk and limbs
Differentiate between the Parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions
–Parasympathetic division:
•promotes maintenance functions
•conserves energy
–Sympathetic division:
•mobilizes body during activity
•utilizes energy
What are muscle spindles known to do?
allow detection of muscle stretch
What is a purine?
monomer of nucleic acid that have an effect on both CNS and PNS
What does the parietal, frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes function as
•Frontal lobe:
–voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, mood, personality and decision making
–
•Parietal lobe:
–reception and evaluation of sensory information exceptsmell, hearing, and vision
–
•Occipital lobe:
–reception and integration of visual input
–
•Temporal lobe:
–reception and evaluation for smell and hearing; memory, abstract thought, judgment. Insula is within.
The five main types of sensory receptors and what they do
•Mechanoreceptors—respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch
•Thermoreceptors—sensitive to changes in temperature
•Photoreceptors—respond to light energy (example: retina)
•Chemoreceptors—respond to chemicals(examples: smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)
•Nociceptors—sensitive to pain-causing stimuli
The location of ganglion in the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
•Parasympathetic ganglia are located:
–in or near the their visceral effector organ
•Sympathetic ganglia lie
–close tospinal cord
To smoothly coordinate skeletal muscle, nervous system must receive proprioceptor input regarding:
–Lengthof muscle “stretch”
•Information sent from muscle spindles
–Amount of tensionin muscle
•Information sent from tendon organs
The five components of a reflex arc
receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration center, motor neuron, effector
Flow of Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Path of flow
Lateral ventriclesà
Interventricular foramenà
Third ventricleà
Cerebralaquaeductà
Fourth ventricleà
Central canal of spinal cord and
Subarachnoid spaceà
Venus sinus (via) arachnoid villià
Venous circulationà
Heart
Name all 12 cranial nerves
1. olfactory 2. optic 3. oculomotor 4. trochlear 5. trigeminal 6. abducens 7. facial 8. vestibulocochlear 9. glossopharyngeal 10. vagus 11. accessory 12. hypoglossal
Size of pre and post ganglion in parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
Parasympathetic: long preganglion, short post ganglion
Sympathetic: short preganglion, long post ganglion
Sites and origin for each sympathetic and parasympathetic division
•Parasympathetic fibers are craniosacral;
•originate in brain and sacral spinal cord
•Sympathetic fibers are thoracolumbar;
•originate in thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord