cellular respiration
Which of the following does NOT occur during oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)?
A) Protons (H+) are moved against their concentration gradient into the intermembrane space.
B) FAD is reduced to FADH2.
C) Oxygen accepts low-energy electrons and hydrogen to make water.
D) NADH is reduced to NAD+.
E) ATP synthase uses a concentration gradient of H+
to make ATP from ADP and Pi.
B) FAD is reduced to FADH2.
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
A) convert energy in photons into energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
B) Fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules.
C) break down organic molecules into carbon dioxide.
D) convert oxygen to water.
E) break down ATP and NADPH to make light.
A) convert energy in photons into energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
As DNA is replicated, which enzyme below is used first?
A) primase
B) ligase
C) DNA polymerase
D) helicase
E) telomerase
D) helicase
In eukaryotes, after transcription is terminated, but before the mRNA leaves the nucleus
A) the 3’ end is made into a hairpin to prevent degradation.
B) the introns are spliced together to become the mature mRNA.
C) the exons are removed and the introns are spliced together.
D) the poly-A tail is added to the 3’ end.
E) the small subunit of the ribosome binds to the start codon.
D) the poly-A tail is added to the 3’ end.
The role of lysosomes in the function of a cell is to
A) regulate cell size.
B) synthesize proteins.
C) convert energy from food to ATP.
D) store the genetic information until it is needed for protein synthesis.
E) to digest damaged organelles.
E) to digest damaged organelles.
Which of the following is NOT a process that recycles NADH back to NAD+?
A) oxidative phosphorylation
B) lactic acid fermentation
C) NADH dehydrogenase activity in the electron transport chain
D) the Calvin cycle
E) alcohol fermentation
D) the Calvin cycle
Which of the following occurs LAST of the following steps of photosynthesis as you follow one electron through the light reactions?
A) A photon of light is absorbed by photosystem I.
B)NADP+ is reduced to NADPH by NADPH reductase.
C) energy is transferred to the b6-f complex to move protons from the stroma into the thylakoid space.
D) A photon of light is absorbed by photosystem II.
E) water is broken down into protons and oxygen.
B)NADP+ is reduced to NADPH by NADPH reductase.
In one unduplicated pair of homologous chromosomes
A) the chromosomes are identical to each other.
B) both chromosomes are the same type of chromosome with the same genes, but different variations.
C) one half of each double helix of DNA came from your mom and the other half from your dad.
D) both chromosomes came from your mom or both came from your dad.
E)the chromosomes are from the same species, but have many different genes.
B) both chromosomes are the same type of chromosome with the same genes, but different variations.
During translation
A) ribosomes move along the mRNA.
B) DNA polymerase II repairs mutations.
C)the growing protein is transferred repeatedly from the E site to the A site, then back until the correct amino acid is added.
D) the ribosomes translate DNA to mRNA.
E) each tRNA moves from the E site to the A site to the P site, then adds its amino acid to the protein while in the P site.
A) ribosomes move along the mRNA.
Telomerase is important because
A) cells need telomerase to connect Okazaki fragments to each other.
B) circular prokaryotic chromosomes cannot start DNA replication on one end, like linear eukaryotic chromosomes.
C) it adds each new nucleotide to the DNA as a new strand is made.
D) it extends the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes and keeps them from getting shorter.
E) it repairs mutations in DNA.
D) it extends the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes and keeps them from getting shorter.
As citrate is decarboxylated during the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle, TCA cycle),
A) NADH and carbon dioxide are formed.
B) NAD and acetyl-CoA are formed.
C) glucose and ATP are formed.
D)ATP and FADH2 are formed.
E) NADPH and pyruvate are formed.
A) NADH and carbon dioxide are formed.
Water donates electrons to photosystem II. Which of the following happens next after an electron is donated?
A) The b6-f complex makes a proton gradient, using some energy from the electron.
B) NADP reductase uses energy from the electron to make NAPDH.
C) NADP reductase uses energy from NADPH to increase the energy of the electron.
D) A photon of light at photosystem II decreases the energy in the electron.
E) Photosystem I adds energy from a photon to the electron.
A) The b6-f complex makes a proton gradient, using some energy from the electron.
Mutations in DNA
A) never happen.
B) can be repaired by DNA polymerases.
C) can be repaired by helicases.
D) can be repaired by mutagens.
E) are always repaired.
B) can be repaired by DNA polymerases.
During the elongation phase of transcription in prokaryotes
A) new RNA nucleotides are added to the 5’ end of the mRNA.
B) termination is initiated by a three-nucleotide stop codon.
C) the transcription bubble is where the ribosomes are bound to the DNA.
D)translation has already started on the mRNA that was synthesized first.
E)translation starts, but if the protein will be secreted, then translation stops until the mRNA is transported to the endoplasmic reticulum.
D)translation has already started on the mRNA that was synthesized first.
The proteins that bind to the strands of DNA to hold them apart during replication are
A) single-stranded DNA binding proteins.
B) helicases.
C) DNA polymerases
D) ligases.
E) primases.
A) single-stranded DNA binding proteins.
The Krebs cycle
A) can only use acetyl groups from fatty acids as a source of carbon.
B) can only use acetyl groups from pyruvate as a source of carbon.
C) produces pyruvate.
D)will use only fatty acids in anaerobic conditions and only pyruvate in aerobic conditions as a source of carbon.
E) can use carbon from nucleic acids and proteins, and acetyl groups from pyruvate as sources of carbon
E) can use carbon from nucleic acids and proteins, and acetyl groups from pyruvate as sources of carbon
The carbon cycle includes cellular respiration and photosynthesis. The Calvin Cycle is also called the light-independent reactions, dark reactions, or carbon fixation reactions. In the carbon cycle, ATP is converted to ADP during
A) oxidative phosphorylation and the light reactions.
B) glycolysis, the light reactions and oxidative phosphorylation.
C)the Krebs Cycle and light reactions.
D)the electron transport chain and Krebs Cycle
E)the Calvin Cycle.
E)the Calvin Cycle.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that allows scientists to
A) make copies of regions of DNA.
B) make more exact copies of cells.
C) signal the nucleus of a cell by amplifying a small signal using a chain reaction.
D) make artificial gametes (sperm or pollen, and eggs).
E) separate molecules on a gel by size.
A) make copies of regions of DNA.
During elongation of translation, which of the following happens most directly after a peptide bond is formed?
A) a tRNA binds to the stop codon
B) a new tRNA binds to the A site
C) the tRNA with the forming protein moves from the P site to the E site
D) a charged tRNA exits the P site
E) the ribosome moves along the mRNA
E) the ribosome moves along the mRNA
What should I make sure I have filled out on my scantron before turning my exam in?
A) my address
B) my first and last name, banner id, and version number
C) my peer mentor's name
D) what I think I'll score on this exam
E) all of the above
B) my first and last name, banner id, and version number
Chemiosmosis
A) makes NAD+ and FAD
B) breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide and NADH.
C) uses a concentration gradient of protons to make ATP from ADP and Pi.
D) accepts the electrons from NADH and FADH2 and makes a proton gradient.
E) releases carbon dioxide.
C) uses a concentration gradient of protons to make ATP from ADP and Pi.
If you were doing an experiment with purified chlorophyll a in a vial and measured how much oxygen was produced, you would expect the most oxygen when
A) you kept the vial in the dark with limited carbon dioxide.
B) you kept the vial in the dark at 44 degrees Celsius (about 111 degrees Fahrenheit).
C) You exposed the vial to the wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a absorbs.
D) you exposed the vial to the wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a reflects.
E) you kept the vial in the dark with excess carbon dioxide.
C) You exposed the vial to the wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a absorbs.
When DNA is being replicated, one strand is the leading strand and the other is the lagging strand. There are two types of template strands because
A) DNA ligase can only bind to the leading strand.
B) single-stranded DNA binding proteins only bind to the leading strand.
C) A makes hydrogen bonds with other A nucleotides.
D) primase only binds to the leading strand.
E) DNA polymerase only synthesizes the new strand from the 5’ to the 3’ end.
E) DNA polymerase only synthesizes the new strand from the 5’ to the 3’ end.
You mutate a gene by removing twelve nucleotides
from the coding region. This mutation would ALWAYS
A) remove exactly four amino acids from the protein.
B) make a longer protein.
C) be a silent mutation.
D) change many amino acids downstream of the mutation.
E) change exactly twelve amino acids in the protein.
A) remove exactly four amino acids from the protein.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the SER. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the RER. In what order would the secreted horomone insulin go through these organelles?
A) free ribosome, cis Golgi, trans Golgi, RER, vesicle fusing with plasma membrane
B) trans Golgi, cis Golgi, RER, vesicle fusing with plasma membrane, free ribosome
C) free ribosome, RER, cis Golgi, trans Golgi, vesicle fusing with plasma membrane
D) RER, free ribosome, cis Golgi, vesicle fusing with plasma membrane, trans Golgi
E) cis Golgi, trans Golgi, vesicle fusing with plasma membrane, free ribosome, RER
C) free ribosome, RER, cis Golgi, trans Golgi, vesicle fusing with plasma membrane