Transcription & Translation
Mitosis
Meiosis
Mendelian Genetics
Chromosomal Inheritance
100
Where do transcription and translation occur in eukaryotic cells?
Transcription = nucleus
Translation = cytoplasm
100
What is the name for the joined copies of DNA which result from chromosome duplication?
Sister chromatids
100
What is the location at which crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes called?
Chiasmata
100
What do we call the genotype of an organism with different alleles for a gene?
Heterozygous
100
What researcher's fruit fly studies served as the first evidence of the chromosome theory of inheritance?
Thomas Hunt Morgan
200
Is the base below a purine or pyrimidine?
Pyrimidine
200
In what phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane begin breaking down?
Prometaphase
200
What is synapsis and when does it occur?
Pairing of homologous chromosomes that occurs during prophase I
200
What is the term used to describe a cross such as this: AaBb x AaBb?
Dihybrid cross
200
What process ensures that male and female humans have approximately the same amount of X-linked gene expression?
X inactivation in females (when one of the X chromosomes is inactivated and thus the genes are not expressed)
300
RNA polymerase moves in the ____ to _____ direction. A new strand of RNA is synthesized in the _____ to ______ direction.
RNA polymerase: 3'-->5'
New strand: 5'-->3'
300
What are the two main components of the spindle apparatus?
Centrosome and microtubules
300
How many total autosomes does a human gamete contain?
22
300
Height, skin color, and weight are all examples of what kind of phenotypic character? What type of inheritance creates these characters?
Quantitative characters; created by polygenic inheritance (when more than one gene controls a single phenotypic character)
300
True or false: a man with hemophilia could've gotten his recessive allele from his father.
False
400
What is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and what process is it involved it?
Enzyme that adds amino acids to tRNA; involved in translation
400
What difference between tumor cells and normal cells allows for uncontrolled division of tumor cells?
Tumor cells don't exhibit density-dependent inhibition
400
The chromosome number of a rabbit egg cell is 20. You observe a rabbit cell with 20 duplicated chromosomes lined up at the equator. What phase of meiosis is it in?
Metaphase II
400
Coat color in dogs is controlled by a single gene, with the dominant allele coding for black and the recessive allele coding for yellow. If the heterozygous phenotype is expressed as a brown coat color, what can we say about this gene?
It is an example of incomplete dominance between the two alleles
400
If the recombination frequency between two genes is 9%, are the genes linked or unlinked? Are they more likely to be close together or far apart on the chromosome?
Linked; close together
500
What are the three types of point mutations?
Silent: does't result in a different amino acid
Missense: does result in a different amino acid
Nonsense: results in a stop codon
500
What structure is involved in cytoplasm division in animal cell cytokinesis? What about plant cells?
What difference between plant and animal cell structure explains this difference in cytokinesis methods?
Animal cell: cleavage furrow
Plant cell: cell plate
Plant cells have cell walls, animal cells do not
500
List two things that are unique to meiosis and two things that meiosis and mitosis share in common.
Unique to meiosis: sexual reproduction, synapsis & crossing over, forms 4 haploid daughter cells, 2 rounds of division, creates gametes, reduces chromosome number, creates genetic variation, separation of homologous chromosomes occurs during metaphase
Common to both: preceded by interphase, one round of DNA replication, diploid parent cell that begins with duplicated chromosomes, separation of sister chromatids occurs during metaphase
500
Seed shape is controlled by a single gene in pea plants, with the dominant allele coding for round seeds and the recessive allele coding for wrinkled seeds. If you have a plant with round seeds, how could you determine its genotype?
Testcross - cross it with a known recessive individual (a plant with wrinkled seeds in this case) and use the phenotype(s) of the offspring to determine the parent genotype
500
List the three human X-linked disorders that Dr. Moroney wants you to know.
Color blindness, muscular dystrophy, and hemophilia