Definitions
Technique used to study infant memory in which a mobile hangs above the infant’s crib, a ribbon connects the infant’s ankle and the mobile so that the infant’s kicks will make the mobile move.
Conjugate Reinforcement Technique
Infant Memory
Baby’s heart rate changed more in response to mother vs. stranger’s voice
Gender differences appeared only when the problem involved selecting a strategy. Stereotype threat reduces the ability to construct problem-solving strategies.
Quinn & Spencer (2001)
Discourse
The interrelated units of language that are larger than a sentence
Pragmatics
The social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people
Going beyond the information given to reach a goal such as a solution, decision or belief
Thinking
Children's Memory Strategies
Younger children failed to move pictures around to help organize. Older children organized the pictures into categories to aid memory.
• When thought about ethnicity, performed the best. When thought about gender, performed the worst. The stereotype influenced performance depending on the stereotype.
Shih et al. (1999)
Interferences
Conclusions that go beyond an isolated phrase or sentence
Type 2 Processing
Slow and controlled processing, requiring focused attention and resulting in more accurate decisions
We use our own body and motor actions to express our abstract thoughts and knowledge during problem solving.
Embodied Cognition
Children's Eyewtiness Testimony
When memory tested via questions about true and false events: Children in the control condition were accurate & Half of children in stereotype + suggestion condition claimed to have seen false events
Infants can recognize their own names because they are more likely to turn their heads when their own name is spoken vs. similar name
Mandel et al. (1995)
Theory of Mind
Our understanding of the mental state of others
Stereotype Threat
If you belong to a group that is hampered by a negative stereotype – and you think about your membership in that group – your performance may suffer.
Basic unit of spoken language (sounds a, k, th)
Phoneme
Language in Children
Children in parent-teaching condition did the best
Children often make appropriate adjustments depending on the listener.
Shatz & Gelman (1973)
Constructivist View of Reading
Readers draw inferences about the causes of events and the relationship between events
Grammar
Examines word structure (morphology) and sentence structure (syntax)
Basic units of meaning in language
Morphemes
Children's Metamemory
Children were overconfident in their incorrect answer choices
Infants preferred to look at the video of their mother when “mommy” was being played and the video of their father when “daddy’ was being played
Tincoff & Jusczyk (1999)
Matrix
Chart (grid) showing all possible combinations of items
Creativity
Requires solutions that are both novel and useful.