Classical Conditioning
The main idea behind classical conditioning is that people form associations by developing conditioned responses to _____________ stimuli.
conditioned
According to operant conditioning, what type of consequence has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______________________ rehearsal.
maintenance
A circadian rhythm is a biological rhythm that lasts about how long?
24 hours
The serial position effect predicts that these two part(s) of information from a list will most likely be remembered.
beginning and end
In classical conditioning, "learned response" best describes what type of response?
Conditioned Response
Operant conditioning would predict that if something unpleasant is taken away immediately following an action, the action would tend to _______________ in frequency.
increase
A memory of your first kiss would be which type of long-term memory?
Episodic Memory
During which stage of sleep do people experience most of their dreaming and experience a type of paralysis where they are unable to move most of their muscles?
REM
In sleep, what does the hypothalamus control?
the sleep-wake cycle (the SCN is part of the hypothalamus)
In Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, what was the UCR?
Salivation (upon eating the food)
Negative punishment (punishment by removal) occurs when ______________________________________.
something pleasurable is taken away.
Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be remembered?
Levels-of-processing model
The pineal gland releases ___________, which is the primary neurotransmitter that regulates our sleep-wake cycle.
melatonin
College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to:
Learned helplessness
Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n)____________________________.
conditioned stimulus
A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. In operant conditioning, this is an example of what kind of consequence?
Positive Reinforcement
Which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness?
Procedural Memory (Nondeclarative/Implicit Memory)
During REM sleep, the body is unable to act upon dreams because the voluntary muscles are paralyzed. This condition is called ________________________.
Sleep Paralysis
Multiple-choice tests are an example of ________, the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to stored information.
recognition
In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) must come ________ the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), and the CS and UCS must occur very ________ in time.
before; close
Name two techniques to make punishment more effective.
(1) All punishment should occur immediately after the bad behavior; (2) punishment of bad behavior should be paired with reinforcement of good behavior; (3) punishment should be consistent
The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts would be in the place you learned the material, for example, your biology classroom. This connection between surroundings and remembered information is called ________________.
The surest way to disrupt your biological clock would be to damage the:
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
When someone has a “tip-of-the-tongue moment” problem, difficulty is occurring with which process of memory?
Retrieval