Endocrine Glands (Ch.11)
What type of chemical messenger does the Endocrine system use?
BONUS (+50): What affect does it have on the target organ?
What are hormones?
BONUS: What is metabolism?
What structure of the endocrine system is located at the base of the brain?
BONUS (+100): How many parts are there? & How many of them Produce AND Secrete hormones?
What is the pituitary gland?
BONUS: What is the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary? Only one does both, the Posterior Pituitary only stores and releases.
What is the specialized name for the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle?
BONUS (+50): What is the basic unit of a myofibril?
What is a sarcolemma?
BONUS: What is a sarcomere?
What two organ systems work synergistically to provide the function of the Circulatory System?
BONUS (+50/each): What components are in each?
What is the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System?
BONUS: Cardiovascular (Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood) and Lymphatic (Lymphatic capillaries, Lymph, Lymph nodes).
What are the mechanisms of Hormone action (3 ways)?
BONUS (+50/each): What does this mean for each?
What are; specificity, high affinity and low capacity?
BONUS: Specificity = hormones are specific to specific receptors (A > A), High affinity = Bind strongly and Low capacity = does not require a large amount of hormones.
What are the two bases of hormones?
BONUS (+50): what are they derived from?
What are; Protein-based and Steroid-based?
BONUS (+50): What are amino acids (protein) and lipids (steroids)?
How many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?
BONUS (+100): What are they?
What is six?
BONUS: 1. Growth Hormone (GH) 2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 5. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 6. Prolactin (PRL)
What type of fibrous connective tissue surrounds fascicles?
BONUS (+50/each): what are the other two types of CT that surround skeletal muscle cells/bundles? (specific name and location)
What is the Perimysium?
BONUS: What is Epimysium (surrounds bundle of muscle fascicles) & Endomysium (surrounds each individual skeletal muscle cell).
What type of system do we use for blood typing? How many types are there?
BONUS (+50/each): What antigens AND antibodies do they contain?
What is the ABO System? There are 4 blood types; A, B, AB and O.
BONUS: A = A antigens/ B antibodies, B = B antigens/ A antibodies, AB = both A and B antigens/ No antibodies, and O = No antigens/ Both A and B antibodies.
What does the HRE consist of?
BONUS (+50): What are the two different types of dimers?
What are 2 half-sites?
BONUS: Two partners of the same molecule = homodimer and two partners of different molecules = heterodimer.
What does it mean by complementary synergy?
BONUS (+50): What is an example of this?
What is it when hormones work together to produce an effect.
BONUS: What is oxytocin (milk secretion) and prolactin (milk production)?
Which endocrine organ produces Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin?
BONUS (+50): Which hormones control if a gland releases or doesn't release a hormone?
What is the Hypothalamus?
BONUS: What are releasing and inhibiting hormones?
What type of myofilaments are found in skeletal muscle?
BONUS (+50/each): What structures represent each in a sarcomere?
What are Thin (actin) filaments and Thick (myosin) filaments?
BONUS: What is the I band for Thin filaments and A band for Thick filaments?
How many chambers in the Heart? What are they called?
BONUS (+100): What type of blood vessels supply each type of chamber and are they O2 rich or poor?
What is 4 chambers; two atriums and two ventricles divided by left and right.
BONUS: Atriums receive blood from venous system (Veins) and are typically O2 Poor. Ventricles pump blood away from the heart (Arteries) and are typically O2 Rich.
Which hormone would release when dehydrated?
BONUS (+100): Where is this hormone produced and released?
What is the Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin)?
BONUS: What is the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland?
Which type of hormone can easily penetrate the plasma membrane?
BONUS (+50): Where is the ligand-binding receptor found?
What is Lipophilic/Hydrophobic?
BONUS: Where is the cytoplasm of target organ/cell?
PROCESS: Steroid based hormone (carried by proteins) > released at target > diffuses through plasma membrane into cytoplasm > binds to first receptor > receptor enters nucleus > binds to 2 half sites > binds to DNA > Gene expression occurs (genomic action).
How is glucose homeostasis maintained?
BONUS (+100): Which cells aid in this process?
What are insulin and glucagon?
BONUS: What are alpha and beta cells?
What are the three different ways to determine how strong a muscle contracts?
BONUS (+100): How does it relate to the strength of muscle contraction?
What is Motor Unit Recruitment, Frequency of Stimulation and Muscle Length?
BONUS: Motor Unit Recruitment: brain will only send AP to certain motor units to perform task. Frequency of Stimulation: Directly proportional, stronger the frequency = stronger contraction (can summate). Muscle length: each muscle has an ideal resting length to generate max. force via cross-bridges.
Where does the majority of ventricular filling occur?
BONUS (+100): How do you determine Stroke Volume?
What is before the atria contracts?
BONUS: SV (stroke volume) = EDV (end-diastolic volume) - ESR (end-systolic volume)
What is the function of Calcium in skeletal muscle contraction?
BONUS (+100): What are the 2 conditions for Cross-bridge connection to occur?
What is the binding to Troponin and pulling of Tropomyosin away from Actin binding sites?
BONUS: 1. What is myosin head has hydrolyzed ATP into ADP + Pi? 2. What is actin binding sites being exposed?
Which type of hormone base uses 2nd Messenger Systems?
BONUS (+100): What is the name of the two major 2nd Messengers we learned about this chapter?
What are amino acid/protein based hormones (lipophobic/hydrophilic)?
BONUS: What is Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and IP3?
How does insulin stimulate the uptake of blood glucose?
BONUS (+100): What type of tissue response is occurring?
Binding of insulin to receptors cause activation of signaling molecules > act on vesicles that contain GLUT4 carrier proteins > vesicles translocate and fuse with membrane > GLUT4 permit facilitated diffusion of glucose from extracellular fluid into the cell.
BONUS: What is the Priming Effect or Upregulation?
How many types of muscle fibers do we have?
BONUS (+50/each): List the categories of each and an example of a muscle/activity that contains these.
What is two? Fast and Slow-twitch Fibers.
BONUS: What are Type I Fibers (Red Slow Oxidative) = Postural muscles/Large back muscles. What are Type IIX(b) Fibers (White Fast Glycolytic) = Quads/Sprinting muscles. What are Type IIA Fibers (White Fast Oxidative) = Calf muscles/Hamstrings or Jogging muscles.
What is referred to as Autorhythmic?
BONUS (+100): How is the SA node able to repolarize and depolarize itself?
What is the SA Node or "Pacemaker" of the Heart?
BONUS: What are HCN channels?
What are we recording with an ECG/EKG?
BONUS (+50/each): What are the components of an ECG/EKG and what can we infer about each?
What is the electrical activity of the heart?
BONUS: P-wave: atriums are depolarizing/contracting/systole. QRS Complex: a) Atriums repolarizing/relaxing/diastole and b) Ventricles depolarizing/contracting/systole. T-wave: ventricles are repolarizing/relaxing/diastole.