Sensation and Perception
The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
What is sensation?
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
What is perception?
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
What is selective attention?
The process of getting information into the memory system (for example, by extracting meaning)
What is encoding?
The idea that abilities (for example, speech or sight) are gained at a particular time
What are critical periods?
This type of processing starts at your sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing
What is bottom-up processing?
This type of processing creates perceptions from sensory input by drawing on your experience and expectations
What is top-down processing?
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
What is inattentional blindness?
The process of getting information out of memory storage
What is retrieval?
The three characteristics of the model of consciousness
What are being awake, being aware of surroundings, and exhibiting agency for voluntary behavior?
The diminished sensitivity to sensation, as a consequence of constant stimulation
What is sensory adaptation?
The conversion of one form of energy into another, for example in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret
What is transduction?
The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
What is dual processing?
A type of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory/visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
What is working memory?
The model that suggests personal history intersects with history, accounts are rehearsed over time, and details are added in
What is Ulric Neisser's model for flashbulb memories?
The retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement
What are rods?
The retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions, they also detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
What are cones?
The recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur, also known as paradoxical sleep, because muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active
What is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (also called non-declarative memory)
What is implicit memory?
One assumption the Brown and Kulik’s “Now Print” hypothesis relies on
What is that surprise and emotion are correlated with consequentiality and lead to improved recollection; OR that flashbulb memories are accurate?
An organized whole or the theory that suggests our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
What is gestalt or gestalt theory?
A depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye individually
What are monocular depth cues?
Two functions of sleep
What are protection, recuperation, restoration of fading memories from the day, supports growth, or increases creative thinking?
The three stages of the Atkinson Schiffrin information-processing model
What are recording to-be-remembered information as a sensory memory, processing information into short-term memory (that is encoded through rehearsal), and moving information into long-term memory for later retrieval?
One significant result that came out of Project Prakash
What are that critical periods cannot be entirely generalized from animal models, that humans can increase their visual skills with learning despite deprivation during a critical period, or that visual perception develops with experience (particularly movement)?