Multiple Causation
The idea that the same conclusion can be reached but through different pathways
What is equifinality
When a specific outcome is probable but does not occur every time
What is probabilistic trend
The tendency for people to see a relationship between two random events even when there is no relationship
What is illusory correlation
A genre of literature that is riddled with misinformation and rarely contains information from real psychologists about real psychological concepts
What is self-help literature
Psychologists emphasize theories that are fallible and are capable of refutation. In other words, psychological theories are _________
What is falsifiable
When the magnitude of the effect on one variable is dependent on the level of another variable
What is interaction
An attitude that is adopted when individuals want to refute a hard, statistical fact that goes against their beliefs
What is "person who" statistics
The belief that people get what they deserve
What is "just-world hypothesis"
The idea of knowing how to use an object/concept but not knowing what the product/concept is made of
What is recipe knowledge
Psychologists utilize a multitude of _______________ with various strengths and weaknesses, so that they can effectively study human behavior
What are research methods
______ is multiply caused
What is human behavior
The tendency for individuals to see a link between past events and future events even when the two are independent of one another
What is the gambler's fallacy
Understanding that we must accept error in order to reduce it allows us to increase our....
What is predictive accuracy
One of the reasons psychology is misunderstood is because studying human behavior is often a _____________ process that involves a range of individuals
What is multi-disciplinary
When psychologists make discoveries about human behavior, these conclusions are always stated in terms of _______________
What are probabilistic relationships
When a variable can act alone in determining a behavior it is both _________ and sufficient to cause the outcome
What is necessary
A concept that influences decision-making by creating systematic and predictable biases and allows us to save cognitive energy
What are heuristics
A superior form of prediction that allows psychologists to predict future outcomes for groups of people using statistical methods
What is actuarial prediction
One way that psychology contributes to its own image problem is by failing to communicate with the public. This is likely due to the lack of _________
What is incentive
Psychological definitions are linked to observable events that can be reliably and validly measured. These definitions can ___________ as our understanding improves
What is evolve
When variables are of moderate influence on an outcome, they must be considered within the ___________ of other variables
What is context
Using probabilistic reasoning to make an informed decision about a future outcome
What is probabilistic prediction
The mistaken belief that using clinical, or individual, experiences to make predictions improves probabilistic trends because each individual case is unique and cannot be subjected to statistical reasoning
What is the "Statistics Don't Apply to the individual" argument
People often struggle to accept that psychology is a science and instead they hold onto their opinions even when their opinions have been shown to be wrong. This comes from a misconception that psychological claims and research are based in ______
What are opinions
Psychological knowledge is acquired after a slow accumulation of data from many experiments each containing flaws and ___________ on a common conclusion
What is converging