Enzyme Regulation
what is
Covalent modification
Zymogen (proenzyme) activation
Isozymes
Control by modulatory proteins
Allosterically
What conformational state of MWC has the greater affinity for the substrate?
What is the relaxed form?
The simplest monosaccharide from the aldose and the ketose group are ...
What are Dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde?
What are the energy payoffs of glycolysis overall?
2 ATP net
2 NADH produced
4 ATP produced overall
How many ligands does Fe2+ have?
what is 5 in deoxy form and 6 ligands in the oxygen-bound form
pt 2: Can you name any zymogens?
What is cleaving the protein at specific amino acid to go from the active to an inactive form?
Insulin, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, and pepsinogen.
What does the MWC model explain and what can it not explain in terms of cooperativity
What is positive coop.(can be explained) and negative coop. (cannot be explained)
this question is on my word doc, wait one sec :D
What is D?
What is the oxidization reaction in glycolysis?
What is G-3-P dehydrogenase?
G-3-P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
What molecules can lower the affinity of oxygen for Hb?
What are 2,3-BPG, high levels of CO2, and high amounts of H+ or low pH?
How do isozymes work?
What is They are the same enzyme in different conformations present in different tissues/areas of the body.
What does the L represent when talking about the MWC model?
It's a variable and it means something. :)
What is the equilibrium between To and Ro?
A D-mannose and a D-galactose are what type of stereochemistry pairs?
What are diasteriomers.
If they differ in D and L but are the same sugar--they are enantiomers. If they only differ in one chiral center, they are epimers. If they differ in alpha or beta configuration at the anomeric carbon, they are anomers.
What product(s) formed from the fructose bisphosphate aldolase reaction?
What are Dihydroxy Acetone phosphate and Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate?
aka DHAP and G3P
What is the difference in 2,3-BPG in fetal Hb and adult HB?
What is it has different subunits and the 2,3-BPG binds to the beta subunits which is the subunit that is lacking in the fetal Hb. Fetal Hb has gamma subunits which have less affinity for the 2,3-BPG
What kind of graph does allosteric regulation with cooperativity have?
What is an S-shaped or sigmoidal graph?
What is changing and what remains the same in a V-system
What is....
the V is changing
the K is staying the same
What type of glycosidic bond is present in the main starch chain?
for double points: what kind of glycosidic bond is present in the starch side chain joint?
What is alpha-1,4
and
alpha-1,6.
All of the starch is just glucose units, just like glycogen.
Follow up: Glycogen and starch differ how?
AMP is a what of the enzyme Phosphofructokinase?
What is an allosteric activator?
Name one enzyme that is different from glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
or
Name any fermentation products made by bacteria
What are pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and Glucose-1,6-bisphosphotase.
or
what is ethanol, butanol, or acetone
True or false, all allosteric enzymes are cooperative
What is false.
You need multiple subunits for cooperativity and some enzymes can have an allosteric site but only have one subunit.
Name some differences between the KNF and MWC model
What is ....
sequential vs concerted/symmetry
positive cooperativity vs positive and negative cooperativity
only two conformational states vs multiple conformational states w/different affinities
What is the cross-linkages between the walls of gram-positive bacteria made of?
What is pentaglycine bridge?
Name the three highly regulated steps of glycolysis
What is
hexokinase/glucokinase
PFK
Pyruvate Kinase
Glycoproteins are sugars added to proteins (joined at amino acids). They are typically linked at the __ and __ atoms of amino acids.
What is N-linked or O-linked?
N-linked can have high mannose, complex, or hybrid conformations