History & Basics
This is the type of reinforcer when it is deliberately planned to change behavior rather than something that just naturally follows.
What is Contrived?
This variable describes how often the consequence occurs when the behavior occurs. You need it to be high if you want to change behavior effectively.
What is Contingency?
This is how you would train a behavior that the animal doesn't naturally ever do.
What is shaping?
These are the 2 types of Compound Schedules in which there is some physical cue to signal that the schedule has changed.
What are Multiple and Chain Schedules?
This is one of the variables that is unique to punishment.
What is the introductory level of punishment -OR- Reinforcement of Punished Behavior -OR- Alternative Sources of Reinforcement?
A consequence that strengthens behavior.
What is reinforcement?
This neurotransmitter seems to play an important role in reinforcement as demonstrated by the Electric Brain Stimulation studies in rats.
What is Dopamine?
In training a Behavior Chain, this is generally going to be the most effective type of training.
What is Backward Chaining?
This theory of the Partial Response Effect says there is actually nothing to explain because the PRE is only an illusion.
What is the Response Unit theory?
Children who are commonly punished are more likely to become bullies at school which is an example of this problem with punishment.
What is Imitation?
When you decide to clean up your mess in the kitchen in order to avoid getting in a fight with your roommate, you are demonstrating this type of conditioning in the Contingency Square.
What is negative reinforcement?
While trying to operantly train things like heart rate and digestion doesn't work too great, operant conditioning seems to work better with behaviors using this type of muscle.
What is skeletal muscle?
Epstein's Pigeons who had been trained to push a box around were much more likely to later figure out they needed to push and climb the box to reach a treat than those that had no training with box pushing demonstrating the importance of learning history in this type of behavior.
What is Insightful Problem Solving?
These are the 2 types of Compound Schedules in which the reward is held until all schedules have been completed.
What are Chain and Tandem?
Rather than punish the kids for having a party when they are out of town, the parents just decided not to leave them alone-an example of this alternative to punishment.
What is Response Prevention?
The idea of what is now called operant conditioning originated with this person and the cats he put in puzzle boxes?
Who is Thorndike?
It is something that strengthens the reinforcer or punishment.
What is an Establishing Operation?
A Fixed or Variable TIME schedule can often lead to these types of behaviors.
What are Superstitions?
You can do this to make a behavior more resistant to extinction- just be careful not to reach the Break Point!
What is Stretching the Ratio?
People who are frequently punished learn to be really good at cheating, lying and avoiding their punisher which highlights which problem with punishment.
What is Escape?
What is a secondary reinforcer?
This can be used to help overcome problems with low contiguity.
What is a signal? (like a clicker for example)
After being exposed to inescapable shock, this is what a dog would do when placed in a shuttle box and cued that a shock was going to be delivered to that side of the box.
What is stay on the same side and get shocked?
Both of these PRE theories suggest that there is a cue that keeps the responding going during extinction- in one case it's an internal cue and in another it is external.
What are the Frustration and Sequential Theories?
This alternative to punishment attempts to reduce the frequency of behavior rather than getting rid of it all together.
What is Differential Reinforcement of a Low Rate (DRL)?