Chapter 6
Entropy (disorder) in the universe is always:
Increasing
An enzyme speeds up reactions by:
Lowering activation energy
Which type of organism produces its own organic molecules through photosynthesis?
Autotroph
What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis?
2 ATP
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
Light-dependent reactions and Calvin Cycle
ATP is composed of:
Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. Which law of thermodynamics does this describe?
First Law
Complete the balanced equation for cellular respiration:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → ______ + 6H₂O + Energy
6CO₂
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration?
Oxygen (O2)
What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO₂ to RuBP in the Calvin cycle?
Rubisco
Why is ATP not suitable for long-term energy storage?
Its phosphate bonds are too unstable, so cells store only a few seconds’ worth of ATP and rely on fats and carbohydrates for long-term storage
Which type of enzyme inhibition involves an inhibitor binding to a site other than the active site?
Noncompetitive
What are the steps of Cellular Respiration and what are their locations (in order)?
1. Glycolysis - Cytoplasm
2. Pyruvate Oxidation - Mitochondrial Matrix
3. Citric Acid Cycle - Mitochondrial Matrix
4. ETC - Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
What are the two main components of a photosystem?
Antenna complex (light-harvesting pigments) and reaction center (chlorophyll a molecules)
WHat is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 12H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6H₂O + 6O
If ΔG of a reaction is negative, the reaction is ________________ and _________________:
Exergonic and spontaneous
In feedback inhibition, how does the end product regulate the pathway?
It binds to an allosteric site on an earlier enzyme, shutting down the pathway to conserve energy and resources.
For each Acetyl-CoA entering the citric acid cycle, what is produced?
2 CO₂, 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, and 1 ATP
What drives protons back into the mitochondrial matrix to power ATP synthase?
The proton (H⁺) gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
CAM plants open stomata at night to take in CO₂, storing it as organic acids. Why is this beneficial?
It reduces water loss in hot, arid conditions
Binding of a substrate to an enzyme that changes the enzyme’s shape slightly for a better fit is called:
Induced fit
The ______________ _____________in ________ is allosterically inhibited by ATP and/or citrate?
Phosphofructokinase enzyme, Glycolysis
In lactic acid fermentation, what molecule accepts electrons from NADH?
Pyruvate (forming lactate)
What is chemiosmosis in photosynthesis?
(Looking for a detailed description)
The process where a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane drives ATP synthase to produce ATP
What is the primary role of Photosystem II (P680)?
To oxidize water, producing O₂ and supplying electrons to replace those lost from PSII