This is the line across the bottom of a normal distribution that indicates zero cases.
What is the baseline?
100
This causal explanation tells a story about the required conditions and events that lead to a particular outcome.
What is the idiographic causal explanation?
100
This is the major difference between quasi-experiments and true experiments.
What is the presence of random assignment?
100
This shows the number of cases at each value of a single variable.
What is a frequency distribution?
100
This statement hypothesizes a zero association between two variables.
What is the null hypothesis?
200
These numbers are used to standardize scores so that relative positions can be compared.
What are z-scores?
200
This requirement of causation shows there is a relationship between the two variables of interest.
What is empirical association?
200
This quasi-experimental design is actually more nonexperimental because there may be no actual comparability between the two groups being compared.
What is the ex post facto control group design?
200
Crosstabulation tables (crosstabs) can only be used with these types of variables.
What are categorical variables?
200
This is the chosen probability level, below which we can talk about true differences and real effects.
What is the alpha level?
300
This term refers to the fact that, in a normal distribution, the tails never touch the baseline because there is never a zero chance of a score happening.
What is asymptotic?
300
While not required to discuss causation, this helps to explain why a certain causal relationship might exist.
What is the causal mechanism?
300
Within a nonequivalent control group design, this selection method allows the researcher to make sure the two groups look the same at the group level.
What is aggregate matching?
300
Crosstabulation tables (crosstabs) allow us to examine this many variables in one table.
What is two variables?
300
This is the reason we call the one-tailed alternative hypothesis "one-tailed".
What is the focus on one tail of the normal curve (direction)?
400
If a population is normal, this type of sampling allows you to assume normality in even small samples.
What is random sampling?
400
This longitudinal nonexperimental design follows a set sample of people over multiple points in time.
What is a fixed-sample panel longitudinal design?
400
This threat to the internal validity of an experiment happens when members of the control group give up and end up doing worse than if there had been no study.
What is demoralization (a type of contamination)?
400
In a frequency distribution, this is the term to describe the running total of all of the people who responded to a value plus all of those who responded to a lower value.
What is the cumulative percent?
400
This is what makes us reject our alternative hypothesis.
What is a large p-value?
500
This is the z-score formula in words.
What is the distance of a score from its mean in terms of the group SD?
500
This nonexperimental design gathers information at one point in time and might particularly have trouble determining time order.
What is a cross-sectional design?
500
If I conduct a study in which I compare the same group of people at multiple points in time to determine the effect of some treatment, that would be an example of this type of quasi-experimental design.
What is a before-and-after design?
500
This statistic is often used in conjunction with crosstabs because it requires the same types of variables and is run at the same time in SPSS.
What is Chi-square?
500
This distribution is what gives us our probability values that allow us to infer if our sample statistic is "real" and present in the population.