Photosynthesis
Cell Signaling
The cytoskeleton
ECM
Cell Division
100
What are the two pathways involved in photosynthesis?
Light reactions and Calvin Cycle
100
Name and describe the 4 types of cell signaling.
Endocrine- effects distant cells via blood stream, Paracrine- effects cells near by, Autocrine- self signaling, Juxtacrine- two cells touching each other
100
List the 3 components of the cytoskeleton in order from smallest- largest.
Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules
100
What is a cell junction?
the region in the plasma membrane where cells make contact with and adhere to other cells or the ECM
100
Humans have 23 chromosome pairs. How would you find out how many combination possibilities there are?
2^23= 8,388,608
200
Where do the light reactions happen? The Calvin cycle?
Thylakoid membrane and the stroma
200
What kind of receptor would a polar ligand bind to? A nonpolar ligand?
polar- membrane receptors, nonpolar- intracellular receptor
200
Which two cytoskeletal components act as a track for motor proteins?
Microtubules and microfilaments
200
What do cadherins bind to? Integrins?
cadherins- binds cells to other cells, integrins- binds to the ECM
200
In which cycle do cells spend most of their time?
interphase
300
What is produced in the light reactions of photosynthesis? (3)
NADPH, ATP, O2
300
When a ligand binds to a receptor what happens to the receptor and is this change irreversible?
the receptor changes shape and the change is reversible
300
What are microfilaments made out of and why are they required for the cell?
Actin and required for cell movement
300
True or false: every cell has integrins but not every cell has cadherins?
True
300
What are sister chromatids?
2 identical strands of DNA double helixes that make up a chromosome
400
Describe the difference between noncyclic and cyclic ETC.
noncyclic ETC- produces ATP and NADPH cyclic ETC- produces ATP only, occurs when there is too much light
400
What do G protein-coupled receptors bind to and what does this activate?
heterotrimeric G proteins and it activates the G protein
400
Describe what microtubules are made out of and how they are arranged.
tubulin arranged in a hollow circle of 13 dimers
400
Name two examples of ECMs.
bacterial cell walls, plant cell walls, and connective tissue in animal cells
400
Name the 5 stages of mitosis in order.
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
500
Explain Carboxylation.
CO2 is added to a 5-carbon RuBP; the 6-carbon compound immediately breaks down into two molecules of 3PG. This is catalyzed by Rubisco.
500
Human cancer cells may have an abnormal form of what monomeric G protein?
RAS
500
What are the three motor proteins and what do they do?
Dynein- moves cargo towards the minus end of microtubules, Kinesin- moves cargo towards the plus end of microtubules, myosin- binds to actin filaments causing the filaments to slide
500
The ECM is a complex mixture of what?
proteins and polysaccharides
500
Name the three differences between Meiosis II and mitosis.
1. DNA is not replicated before meiosis II. 2. the sister chromatids might not be identical in Meiosis II. 3. In meiosis II there are half the amount of chromosomes at the equatorial plate than in mitosis.
M
e
n
u