Leadership
Performance
Decision Making
Conflict and
Intergroup Relations
Crowds & Collective Behavior and Conflict/Intergroup Relations
100
Group members’ taken-for-granted assumptions about the traits, characteristics, and qualities that distinguish leaders from the people they lead.
What is Implicit Leadership Theory?
100
Improvement in task performance that occurs when people work in the presence of other people.
What is Social Facilitation?
100
A conceptual analysis of the steps or processes that groups generally follow when making a decision, with a focus on the intended purpose of each step or process in the overall decision-making sequence. Steps are: (1) orientation, (2) discussion, (3) decision, (4) implementation.
What is the Functional Theory of Group Decision Making?
100
A conceptual perspective on methods of dealing with conflict that assumes avoiding, yielding, fighting, and cooperating differ along two basic dimensions: concern for self and concern for other.
What is the Dual Concern Model?
100
A social dilemma where individuals can maximize their outcome by seeking personal goals rather than the collective goals, but if too many individuals act selfishly then all members of the collective will experience substantial long-term losses.
What is the Commons Dilemma?
200
Fred Fiedler’s conceptual analysis of leadership which posits that a leader’s success is determined by his or her (a) leadership style (measured with the LPC scale) and (b) the favorability of the group situation; more generally, any analysis of leadership that suggests that the effectiveness of leaders depends on the interaction of their personal characteristics and the group situation.
What is Contingency Theory?
200
An analysis of performance gains in groups assuming that when others are present, attention is divided between the other people and the task; this attentional conflict increases motivation, and so it facilitates performance on simple, well-learned tasks.
What is Distraction-Conflict Theory?
200
An explanation of polarization in groups assuming that group members change their opinions during group discussion, generally adopting the position favored by the majority of the members, because the group can generate more arguments favoring that position.
What is Persuasive-Arguments Theory?
200
A performance setting in which the interdependence among interactants involves both competitive and cooperative goal structures. Often utilize the Prisoner's Dilemma Game as an example of this situation.
What is a Mixed-Motive Situation?
200
An experiential state caused by a number of input factors, such as group membership and anonymity, that is characterized by the loss of self-awareness, altered experiencing, and atypical behavior.
What is Deindividuation?
300
A view of leadership, attributed to Leo Tolstoy, which states that history is determined primarily by the “spirit of the times” rather than by the actions and choices of great leaders; a situational perspective of leadership.
What is Zeitgeist Theory?
300
An analysis of performance gains in groups assuming that social facilitation is caused by individuals striving to make a good impression when they work in the presence of others.
What is Self-Presentation Theory?
300
A theory of decision making and leadership developed by Victor Vroom that predicts the effectiveness of group-centered, consultative, and autocratic decisional procedures across a number of group settings. Includes five basic decision-making processes: (1) Decide, (2) Consult-Individual, (3) Consult-Group, (4) Facilitate, and (5) Delegate.
What is the Normative Model of Decision Making?
300
The markedly greater competitiveness of groups when interacting with other groups, relative to the competitiveness of individuals interacting with other individuals.
What is the Discontinuity Effect?
300
An explanation of collective behavior suggesting that the uniformity in behavior often observed in collectives is caused by members’ conformity to unique normative standards that develop spontaneously in those groups.
What is Emergent Norm Theory?
400
This theory examined two basic aspects of followers: (1) Are they actively engaged with the group? and (2) Are they independent? Also identified five basic types of followers: Conformist, Passive, Pragmatic, Alienated, and Exemplary.
What is Kelley's Theory of Followers?
400
Reduction in performance effectiveness or efficiency caused by actions, operations, or dynamics that prevent the group from reaching its full potential, including reduced effort, faulty group processes, coordination problems, and ineffective leadership.
What is Process Loss?
400
A strategy or rule used in a group to select a single alternative from among various alternatives proposed and discussed during the group’s deliberations, including explicitly acknowledged decision rules (e.g., the group accepts the alternative favored by the majority) and implicit decisional procedures (e.g., the group accepts the alternative favored by the most powerful members).
What is a Social Decision Scheme?
400
The tendency to consider the actions and attributes of one’s own group as positive, fair, and appropriate, but to consider these very same behaviors or displays to be negative, unfair, and inappropriate when the outgroup performs them.
What is Double-Standard Thinking?
400
The perceptual tendency to assume that the members of other groups are very similar to each other, whereas the membership of one’s own group is more heterogeneous.
What is Outgroup Homogeneity Bias?
500
A theory of management and leadership, proposed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, assuming that people vary in their concern for results and their concern for people, and that individuals who are high on both dimensions (9,9) are the best leaders.
What is the Leadership Grid?
500
A theoretical explanation of group productivity developed by Steven Karau and Kipling Williams that traces losses of productivity in groups to diminished expectations about (1) successful goal attainment and (2) the diminished value of group goals.
What is the Collective Effort Model?
500
A mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members’ strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.
What is Groupthink?
500
A theory of group perception positing that people’s stereotyped views about social groups reflect their beliefs about the warmth and competence of the stereotyped group. Quadrants include Envy, Contempt, Pity, and Admiration.
What is the Stereotype Content Model?
500
A conceptual framework arguing that conflict between groups stems from competition for scarce resources, including food, territory, wealth, power, natural resources, and energy.
What is Realistic Group Conflict Theory?
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