Pulmonary
Oxygen diffusion from the alveolus to the alveolar capillary occurs because:
A) PaO2 is less in the capillary than in the alveolus
B) PaO2 is greater in the atmosphere than in the arterial blood
C) Oxygen diffuses faster than CO2
D) PaO2 is higher in the capillary than in the alveolus
A) PaO2 is less in the capillary than in the alveolus
The glomeruli are located in the cortex / medulla of the kidney?
cortex
A patient receives a solution containing 275 mOsm, what type of imbalance would this cause?
A). Hypotonic
B). Isotonic
C). Hypertonic
D). Normotonic
A). Hypotonic
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder usually caused by:
A). Accumulation of bile in the hepatic duct
B). Obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone
C). Accumulation of fat in the wall of the gallbladder
D). Viral infection of the gallbladder
B). Obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone
What is an injury from the brain rebounding upon impact and hitting the opposite side of the head referred to as?
A). Coup
B). Counter impact
C). Contrecoup
D). Contusion
C). Contrecoup
Which of the following would cause the greatest increase in respiratory rate?
A). Increased CO2
B). Increased O2
C). Increased arterial pH
D). Abrupt increase in blood pressure
A). Increased CO2
Sympathetic nerve response to systemic arterial pressure decreases result in:
A). Renal arteriolar vasodilation
B). Decreased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate
C). Decreased renal tubular sodium and water reabsorption
D). Suppression of catecholamine release
B). Decreased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate
The osmolality of ICF and ECF is normally at equilibrium due to water crossing cell membranes freely though ____.
A). Interstitial spaces
B). Aquaporins
C). Baroreceptors
D). Plasma buffers
B). Aquaporins
Which stimuli are associated with increased secretion of gastric acid? Select all that apply.
A). Histamine
B). Cholecystokinin
C). Increased vagal stimulation
D). Increased sympathetic stimulation
E). Caffeine
A). Histamine
C). Increased vagal stimulation
E). Caffeine
There is a one-way conduction at a synapse because:
A). Only postsynaptic neurons contain synaptic vesicles
B). Acetylcholine prevents nerve impulses from traveling in both directions
C). Only the presynaptic neuron contains neurotransmitters
D). Only dendrites release neurotransmitters
C). Only the presynaptic neuron contains neurotransmitters
Which of the following describes compliance?
A). Tendency of lungs to return to resting state after inspirations
B). Tendency for liquid molecules that are exposed to air to adhere to one another
C). A measure of distensibility
D). Determined by the length, radius, and cross-sectional area of the airways
C). A measure of distensibility
Which of the following describes clinical manifestations of bladder tumors? Select all that apply.
A). Palpable flank mass
B). Gross painless hematuria
C). Daytime voiding frequency and nocturia
D). Weight loss
B). Gross painless hematuria
C). Daytime voiding frequency and nocturia
Potassium is the major _______ electrolyte with the _____ acting as the most efficient regulator of potassium balance.
A). Intracellular; liver
B). Extracellular; kidney
C). Intracellular; kidney
D). Extracellular; liver
C). Intracellular; kidney
A 50-year-old male complains of frequently recurring abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools. A possible diagnosis would be:
A). Ulcerative colitis
B). Hiatal hernia
C). Pyloric obstruction
D). Achalasia
A). Ulcerative colitis
What is the most critical clinical manifestation of nervous system function? Changes indicate either improvement of deterioration in a patient’s condition.
A). Pattern of breathing
B). Pupillary reaction
C). Motor responses
D). Level of consciousness
D). Level of consciousness
Which of the following individuals is the least at risk for developing acute respiratory failure?
A). Individuals with limited cardiac reserve
B). Someone who sustained a brain injury
C). Post-operative patients
D). An individual with a PaO2 of 65 mmHg
D). An individual with a PaO2 of 65 mmHg
Nephrotic syndrome is associated with ______ to plasma _______.
A). Increased glomerular permeability; urea
B). Decreased glomerular permeability; glucose
C). Decreased glomerular permeability; red blood cell casts
D). Increased glomerular permeability; proteins
D). Increased glomerular permeability; proteins
The blood pH is maintained around 7.4 due to various buffering systems in our bodies. Choose the correct order of the fastest-acting system to the slowest-acting system.
A). Lungs, kidneys, blood buffers
B). Blood buffers, lungs, kidneys
C). Blood buffers, kidneys, lungs
D). Lungs, blood buffers, kidneys
B). Blood buffers, lungs, kidneys
Meconium ileus is associated with which of the following disorders?
A). Pyloric stenosis
B). Esophageal atresia
C). Cystic fibrosis
D). Esophagitis
C). Cystic fibrosis
Which of the following is not a characteristic of non-REM sleep?
A). Corticosteroid levels increase
B). Restorative, reparative, and growth processes occur during this stage
C). Basal metabolic rate falls by 10% to 15%
D). Cerebral blood flow decreases
A). Corticosteroid levels increase
Which statement(s) is/are true concerning asthma in children? Select all that apply.
A). Triggers can include allergy, viruses, and exercise
B). After years of being asymptomatic, individuals can be considered cured
C). Children present with clubbing
D). Manifestations include coughing and inspiratory wheezes
E). Characterized by hyperresponsive airways
A). Triggers can include allergy, viruses, and exercise
E). Characterized by hyperresponsive airways
Nephrotoxins, such as antibiotics and some contrast dyes, may be responsible for:
A). Acute tubular necrosis
B). Acute glomerulonephritis
C). Pyelonephritis
D). Cystitis
A). Acute tubular necrosis
Pulmonary edema can lead to _________ which can be compensated for by _________.
A). Metabolic acidosis; hyperventilation
B). Respiratory alkalosis; renal bicarbonate elimination and hydrogen retention
C). Metabolic alkalosis; hypoventilation
D). Respiratory acidosis; renal bicarbonate retention and hydrogen elimination
D). Respiratory acidosis; renal bicarbonate retention and hydrogen elimination
Which of the following descriptions relates to GER in children? Select all that apply.
A). May cause development of enterocolitis
B). Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
C). Acute onset of abdominal pain and distention
D). Frequency highest in premature infants
B). Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter
D). Frequency highest in premature infants
Neuromodulators of pain that stimulate pain nociceptors include: Select all that apply.
A). Prostaglandins
B). Bradykinins
C). GABA
D). Endogenous opioids
E). Substance P
A). Prostaglandins
B). Bradykinins
E). Substance P