Prenatal Development
Development
Motivation
Emotion
Stress
100
What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
Monozygotic twins come from one fertilized egg and then splits into two, and Dizygotic comes from two fertilized eggs by separate sperm
100
Describe Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development:
Sensorimotor: Birth - 2yrs, explore the world through senses and motor skills. Preoperational: develop object permanence, can mentally represent and refer to objects, pretend play. Egocentric. Concrete operational: Develop conservation, Can think logically, reverse their thinking, able to think concretely Formal Operations: Able to think abstractly, hypothetically, use analogies.
100
Drive Reduction Theory:
Motivated to reduce primary drives (thirst, hunger, etc) and secondary drives (money, social approval)
100
What is the difference between the Common Sense and James-Lange Theory?
Common Sense: Stimulus -> fear -> ANS body arousal James-Lange: Stimulus -> ANS arousal -> fear
100
Explain Distress and Eustress:
Distress: when people experience unpleasant, negative stressors Eustress: when people experience positive stressors. Has the optimal amount of stress one needs to promote their well being
200
What is a Teratogen and name of examples:
Any substance that can cause birth defects. Examples: Alcohol, nicotine, mercury poisoning, etc
200
Vygotsky's Theory: What is scaffolding and the zone of proximal developement?
Scaffolding: the highly skilled learner gives the learner more help at the beginning and then withdraws more as their skills improve. ZPD: the difference between what the child can do alone vs with help
200
What are McClellands 3 psychological needs?
Need for affiliation, power and achievement
200
What is the Cannon Bard Theory?
Stimulus -> Brain activity -> ANS arousal & fear (same time)
200
Describe the three phases of the Ganeral Adaptation Syndrome:
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
300
What are the 6 motor milestones in infants?
1. raising head and chest. 2. rolling over, 3. sitting up with support, 4. sitting up without support, 5. crawling, 6. walking
300
What are the stages of Language?
Cooing: vowel like sounds, Babbling: add consonant sounds to the vowels One word speech: use one word to mean multiple things "milk" Telegraphic speech: use nouns and verbs together "mommy go", Whole sentences: can create mulitple sentences
300
What is the Arousal Theory?
People should have the optimal amount of stress(arousal) Remember the graph
300
What is the Schachter- Singer Theory?
Stimulus -> Cognitive arousal (Context) & ANS arousal->fear
300
What are the 4 types of personality factors in stress?
Type A, B, C, H
400
Describe nature vs nurture:
Nature: influence of inherited characteristics on personality, growth, intellect and social skills your born with Nurture:influence from the environment on inherited traits such as parenting styles, physical surroundings, people you interact with.
400
Describe the three parenting styles:
Authoritarian: parents make rigid, firm rules, with no compromise or taking in the child's perspective Permissive: parents are neglectful and child does whatever they want. Leads to problems later in life Authoritative: parents have firm rules but listens to the child's point of view, allowing the child to have input.
400
What are Maslow's Hierarchy of needs?
Transcendence Self actualization Aesthetic needs Cognitive needs Esteem needs Belongingness needs Safety needs Physiological needs
400
What is the Facial Feedback Theory?
ANS Arousal -> Facial expression -> cognitive interpretation -> fear
400
What is primary and secondary appraisal?
Primary: identifying the stressor and classifying it as a threat, challenge or loss Secondary: figuring out what resources are needed to cope with that stressor
500
Describe the Germinal, Embryonic and Fetal periods:
Germinal: zygote continues to multiply, placenta and umbilical cord develop Embryonic: an embryo develops, organs start to develop, crucial part where teratogens can cause damage. Fetal: Now called a fetus, organs continue to develop, birth occurs at 38th week
500
What are Erikson's Stages of Development? 1. Infant 2. Toddler 3. Preschool 4. Elementary 5. Adolescence 6. Early Adulthood 7. Middle Adulthood 8. late adulthood
1. Trust vs mistrust 2. Autonomy vs shame 3. Initiative vs guilt 4. Industry vs inferiority 5. Identity vs Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs isolation 7. Generativity vs Stagnation 8. Ego vs Despair
500
What does the hypothalamus do with Hunger?
Controls hunger, sets a weight set point in the body so you know when your full, Ex) lab cut rats hypothalumus and rat grew to be fat, no control over eating
500
Lazarus's Theory:
Appraisal of threat -> fear -> body response
500
What are some of the hormones released in or body when stress occurs?
Epinephrine(contracts kidneys, relaxes or contricts blood vessels in lungs), Norepinephrine(increases blood pressure, glucose energy, Cortisol (stress hormones, stimulate metabolism)
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