Neurochemical known to promote wakefulness and is inhibited by caffeine. Activates basal forebrain.
What is adenosine?
100
Sexually dimorphic nucleus that is involved in the control of male sexual behavior.
What is the medial preoptic area?
100
Describe the James - Lange Theory of emotion.
Emotional stimuli evoke physiological reactions -- sympathetic arousal, muscle contraction, endocrine response.
Sensory feedback from reaction is perceived by brain and signals emotion/feeling.
100
Sorry this is a stress question: Explain the purpose of negative feedback in the HPA axis?
draw on board...
100
As part of the HPA axis, the anterior pituitary releases this hormone.
What is ACTH?
200
What stages of sleep make up Slow Wave Sleep?
What are stages 3 & 4?
200
What is the purpose of the secretion of Anti-Mullerian Hormone (Mullerian inhibiting hormone) from the testes in males?
The degeneration of the female reproductive system.
200
This condition results from damage to the insular prefrontal cortex and involves the impaired ability to show emotional facial responses.
What is emotional facial paresis?
200
Low levels of this neurochemical has been associated with anti-social behavior in humans.
What is 5-HIAA (serotonin metabolite)?
200
Name some of the negative effects of stress other than increased cortisol release.
Impair immune system.
Impair reproductive system.
Decrease digestion.
Impair growth.
Increase fear and anxiety.
300
This stage of sleep increased throughout the night and is the longest prior to waking up.
What is REM?
300
What are the differences between the organizational and activational effects of hormones?
Organizational: early and permanent -- gonads and brain
Activational: later and transient -- puberty -- depend on organization effects
300
An animal that is unable to learn new fears or retain previously learned fears may have damage to this brain region.
What is the amygdala?
300
This neurochemical inhibits aggression in humans and other animals.
What is serotonin?
300
Cell death in the hippocampus has been found in the brains of many depressed patients and may be the cause of....
What is chronic stress and an overactive HPA axis?
400
Name 2 benefits of sleep.
Saves energy, keeps a species out of harms way, temperature regulation, memory consolidation, allows brain to replenish glycogen for energy, growth.
No research to support that body needs sleep - just brain.
400
What are some the characteristics of someone with AIS?
Chromosomal XY.
Lack T receptors.
Testes formation (SRY) but lack of further male reproductive development.
No menstruation at puberty -- usually when person finds out they are not genetically female.
Feminine brain.
400
Someone who is impulsive, unable to use appropriate judgements, and has a lack of self-concern may have damage to this area of the brain. (Phineas Gage)
What is the orbitofrontal cortex?
400
What is the difference between animal aggression and predation?
During predation, there is no sympathetic arousal ("fight or flight"); have found this in some violent sociopaths.
400
As part of the HPA axis, the hypothalamus releases this hormone.
What is CRH/CRF?
500
This neuropeptide is important for wakefulness and people with narcolepsy have reduced levels. It is also increased in the brain when someone is motivated to stay awake.
What is orexin/hypocretin?
500
During puberty, this hormone is released from the hypothalamus of both males and females.
What is Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone?
500
This brain region helps to inhibit the action of the amygdala.
What is the ventral prefrontal cortex?
500
This brain region is activated during aggression in male animals. (side note: also activated during reproduction)
What is the medial preoptic area?
500
Explain how stress is adaptive.
Adrenaline/Epinephrine is released from the adrenal glands in the "flight or fight" response. Gets the body ready to escape from "predators."
Long term -- bad -- "car jam" from movie. Prolonged "fight or flight response - Stress becomes maladaptive.