Respiratory Anatomy
Define the 4 phases of respiration (pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, and internal respiration).
PV- Moving air in and out of the lungs
ER- moving air from alveoli into blood
GT- O2 and CO2 move in blood (how)
IR- gas from blood into tissues and vice versa
Distinguish between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons
C- in cortex mainly and 85% of nephrons
J- extend deeper into the medulla and are critical to urine concentration
What are the muscles of forced expiration?
internal intercostals, abdominals, serratus posterior inferior
This process of urine production is the
active transport of solutes across the walls
of the nephron into the filtrate.
Tubular secretion
This structure is responsible for regulating the reabsorption of sodium and water in the nephron, thereby influencing blood pressure and volume
DCT
Distinguish the respiratory zone from the conducting zone and assign the respiratory anatomy to their appropriate category.
The respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs and this area is made up of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
The conduction zone is the path air travels and is made up of the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles
List the path that blood flows from the aorta to the kidney and nephron and back to the inferior vena cava
Aorta --> renal artery --> segmental artery --> interlobar artery --> arcuate artery --> cortical radiate artery --> afferent arterioles --> glommy --> efferent arterioles --> peritubular capillaries --> cortical radiate veins --> arcuate veins --> interlobar veins --> renal vein --> IVC
How does the pressure gradient as well as resistance affect airflow?
PG- the changing of the pressures from the outside and inside of the lungs is what facilitates airflow. When the lung pressure decreases below atm, air flows down the pressure gradient into the lungs. If gradient increases, airflow increases
R- decreases in elasticity = increase resistance. Bronchoconstriction increases R. You need less resistance to increase airflow
Describe the release and role of aldosterone and ADH in urine production and concentration.
A- released in response to hyponatremia, hyperkalemia or RAAS (low bp or bv) and works to increase sodium reabsorption in the DCT. Promotes secretion of K+ to help maintain balance.
ADH- released in response to increased blood osmolarity or low BV or BP it acts to increase permeability of collecting ducts by adding more aqua ducts. This will concentrate the urine
This condition, characterized by the collapse of alveoli, can be prevented by the presence of surfactant.
Atelectasis (or RDS)
Besides lubricating the visceral and parietal
pleura, pleural fluid also has this function:
a. holds the visceral and parietal
pleural membranes together
b. prevents the lungs from
overinflating
c. increases diffusion rates in the lungs
d. helps fill the pleural cavity
a. holds the visceral and parietal
pleural membranes together
These specialized cells in the glomerulus are responsible for the filtration of blood, contributing to urine formation.
Podocytes
Define atmospheric, alveolar (intrapulmonary) and intrapleural pressures and indicate how these pressures change during pulmonary ventilation. Explain how the difference between the alveolar and intrapleural pressure functions
to prevent the lung from collapsing.
ATM- pressure in the air, usually 760 mmHg
Alveolar (intrapulmonary)- pressure in the alveoli. During inhalation becomes negative in relation to atm to allow air in. Inhalation is active using external intercostals and diaphragm
Intrapleural- pressure within pleural cavities and it is always negative in relation to atm to keep lungs open. Doesn't really change with breathing
The negative intrapleural pressure creates a suction effect that keeps the lungs inflated against the thoracic wall. During inhalation, as the thoracic cavity expands, intrapleural pressure becomes more negative, enhancing the transpulmonary pressure and promoting lung expansion.
Equalization = collapse
By the time the filtrate reaches this, the
glucose is usually completely reabsorbed:
a. the end of the proximal tubule
b. the tip of the loop of Henle
c. the end of the distal tubule
d. the end of the collecting duct
e. Bowman's capsule
a. the end of the proximal tubule
Arrange the following structures in the
correct order as air passes through them
traveling from the bronchi:
1. alveolar duct
2. alveolus
3. respiratory bronchiole
4. terminal bronchiole
4, 3, 1, 2
Explain the relationship between alveoli and capillaries and how their relationship aids in gas exchange by diffusion. Where are type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells located? What is the difference?
The alveoli and capillaries form the respiratory membrane. This is a very thin membrane which is good because it allows for fast and efficient gas exchange. There are so many alveoli that the surface area available for gas exchange is so high.
T1- make up a majority of alveolar surface and do the gas exchange
T2- mixed around T1 and produce surfactant which reduces surface tension to prevent alveoli from collapsing
Draw, Label, identify, and describe the gross
anatomical areas and structures of the kidney: renal capsule, cortex, medulla, sinus, pelvis, hilus,
papillae, pyramid, major and minor calyces
RC- covering that protects the kidney and works to maintain shape and fight infection
C- outer region and contains nephrons and help to filter blood and form urine
M- inner region of kidney containing renal pyramids. concentrates urine
S- where pelvis, calyces, and blood vessels are
P- collects urine from calyces and transports it to ureter
H- blood vessels, nerves, and ureter enter and exit
P- tips of the pyramids that go into minor calyces and where urine drains into calyces
Calyces- drain urine. Minor feeds into major which feeds into pelvis
Explain the mechanisms of neural breathing control.
Central chemoreceptors- in the medulla and monitor pH of CSF
Peripheral chemoreceptors- in aorta and carotid arteries and stimulated by changes in H+
Ex: ventilation increases when PC detect increase H+ or PCO2
Explain the pressures that are associated with glomerular filtration and how they affect filtration.
Glomerular hydrostatic (HPg)- BP in glommy it pushes water and solutes out into capsular space. Higher BP than in other capillaries
Blood colloid osmotic (OPg)- exerted by dissolved solutes and they oppose filtration to draw fluid back into glommy
Capsular hydrostatic (HPc)- pressure in glommy capsule due to filtrate and it impedes additional fluid movement
These substances normally cannot pass
through the filtration membrane:
a. hemoglobin
b. water
c. sodium ions
d. bicarbonate ions
e. glucose
a. hemoglobin
Explain the function of each organ: nose/nasal cavity, pharynx (3 parts), larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs
Nasal cavity- warms, filters, humidifies air
Larynx- contains the glottis to prevent aspiration, can assist in child birth (increase pressure), sound production
Pharynx- oro,naso,laryngo all but naso can transport food
Trachea- aka windpipe and connects larynx to bronchi and contains the carina
Bronchi- act as an air passageway and the bronchioles can dilate/constrict to control airflow
Alveoli- gas exchange due to them being so thin and made of simple squamous tissue
Lungs- large organs contained within their own pleural sacs. Left is smaller due to position of heart (2 lobes not 3). Help regulate pH and gas exchange
Given these parts of a nephron:
1. renal corpuscle
2. collecting duct
3. loop of Henle
4. distal tubule
5. proximal tubule
Arrange the parts in order as fluid flows from the
filtration membrane through the nephron.
a. 1, 5, 3, 4, 2
How are the respiratory capacities calculated?
IC = TV + IRV
FRC = ERV + RV
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV (VC + RV)
What are the intrinsic renal autoregulation mechanisms?
Myogenic- contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle of afferent arterioles in response to stretch (ex being low BP = less stretch = dilation = more blood in glommy = GFR normal)
Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism- if glommy BP increased that means NaCl levels incrteased so the macula densa cells detect it and the afferent arterioles VC to maintain GFR
Drinking a large amount of beer results in
this:
a. increased aldosterone secretion
b. increased permeability of the
collecting ducts of the nephrons
c. decreased urine osmolality
d. increased urine volume
e. both c and d
e. both c and d