Chapter 9
spanking a child for running into the street is an example of
positive punishment
removing a specific reinforcer following the occurrence of a problem behavior is __
response-cost
What is this scenario describing: Johnny likes to watch TV. He noticed that he is allowed to watch TV more when he does chores for his mother than when he does his homework. Because of this, he spends more time doing chores than doing homework
Matching Law
Luke has a friend that plays soccer. Luke has always been athletic, but he has never played soccer. He starts to help his friend train for soccer tryouts. When he sees his friend playing, he starts to pick up some soccer skills himself. What kind of learning is Luke displaying?
Observational Learning
Reid is terrified of snakes. He has never personally had a bad encounter with a snake, but he has witnessed his friend run in fear from a snake. He has also seen multiple videos of people screaming when they are near snakes. What type of response is Reid exhibiting towards snakes? Bonus point… what type of conditioning is this associated with?
A Vicarious emotional response (classical conditioning)
which theory of punishment states that low probability behavior can be used to punish a high probability behavior?
the premack approach to punishment
how does experimental neurosis differ from learned helplessness?
experimental neurosis involves infrequent and unpredictable exposure to aversive events, whereas learned helplessness involves repeated exposure to events that are predictable but controllable
What delay feature, when absent, is the cause for undermatching?
Changeover Delay (COD)
Describe this behavior. Some teenagers are engaging in possible illegal activities at a park. One of the members of the group quickly looks in a direction, sensing a threat approaching. The rest of the group members turn their heads rapidly to look in the same direction.
Contagious Behavior
What two key ingredients distinguish observational learning in operant conditioning vs observation learning in classical conditioning?
Acquisition and performance
making a child sit in a corner for being too noisy is an example of a(n)_____ procedure, while turning off the television set when the child is too noisy is an example of a(n) _____ procedure.
time-out; response-cost
from the perspective of two-process theory, this decrease in anxiety likely functions as a _ for the compulsive behavior.
negative reinforcer
What deviation is caused when the cost of moving from one alternative to another is very high?
Overmatching
What controlling response is this scenario? Rebecca is trying to quit vaping. She finds that part of her addiction has to do with the oral fixation of vaping. To combat this, she chews gum every time she has the urge to hit her vape.
Doing Something Else
Blake’s teacher tells him that he is not allowed to go to the bathroom during their quiet time. Blake watches his friend walk up to the teacher, compliment her dress, and ask to go to the bathroom. The teacher lets Blake’s friend go to the bathroom. Blake then follows this behavior and compliments the teacher’s dress before asking to go to the bathroom. What is this an example of? What if Blake complimented her hair instead?
True Imitation.
It would not be true imitation, it would be observational learning
after being exposed to an inescapable shock, a dog is unable to learn to jump to another area of its enclosure in order to avoid the shock in the future. This dog's behavior best illustrates _____.
learned helplessness
julio initially takes vitamin c whenever he has a cold, in the hope that it will shorten the duration of his symptoms. feeling that this is effective, he begins taking it daily in the hope that it will keep him from getting a cold. julio initially took the vitamin c to (avoid/escape) _ the symptoms of a cold; he later took it to _ the symptoms of a cold.
escape, avoid.
What deviation does this scenario describe? Erin spends additional time directing her conversation toward Jason, whom she finds very attractive. His attractiveness is an additional factor, over and above the above the conversational reinforcement he offers, that influences how much she looks at him
Bias from Matching
What does this scenario describe? A student wakes up in the morning and decides that she will study for her test tomorrow instead of hanging out with her friends tonight. The reward for studying is much higher, and it is the obvious choice. However, as the evening approaches, hanging out with her friends becomes more imminent, and the student is strongly tempted to go out.
Preference Reversal
What is the difference between true imitation and generalized imitation?
Generalized imitation is modeling behavior with no specific reinforcement for doing so (simon says)
greta has persistent worries about whether or not she has turned off the electrical appliances in her home, which causes her to shorten her outings so she can go home and check. some days she is late for appointments because she returns home so frequently to be sure that everything is off. Greta's behavior best illustrates a(n) ___.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
according to the _ theory of avoidance, I avoid bees simply because i am then less likely to be stung and not because i feel a reduction in fear
one-process
What controlling response is this scenario? Sandra spends too much money and she finds that she can’t control herself when going out with friends. Because she lacks self control in this way, she decides to leave half of the money she would usually spend at home so she is not tempted.
Physical Restraint
How do we reduce the value of the upcoming temptation of the smaller sooner reward?
By making a commitment response. This is carried out at an early point in time and greatly reduces the upcoming temtaption
This is the reason that we “look both ways before crossing an intersection” or we say “please, thank you, yes ma’am, no ma’am
Rule Governed Behavior