Last of Endocrine
What does calcitonin do?
lowers blood Ca
(think: "tones down Ca")
Thrombocytes are also called:
platelets
(think of them both at the "blood clotting" cells)
another name/term for gap junction
Syncytium
Explain temporal seperation of heart
how the AV node is stipulated by electricity flowing in atria but SLOW TO RESPOND (.1-.2 seconds)
What supplies the heart with oxygenated blood?
the coronary arteries (R/L).
These cells are in the thyroid gland. They add and take ingredients from colloid and secrete TH into blood.
follicular cells
What does monocyte turn into?
macrophage
membrane around (enclosing) the heart. Fluid filled sac surrounding heart.
pericardium
LIST ONLY the direction of electricity
SA->AV->Bundle His->Purkinje Fibers
Describe the origins of veins/arteries:
arteries-at heart
veins-at body
What cells respond to high Ca levels by secreting calcitonin?
parafollicular cells
What are the percentages/makeup of blood?
44% RBC
less than 1% white cells/platelets
55% ECM (includes plasma, which is mainly protein & some water.)
Explain the separations between the L/R atria & and L/R ventricles:
L/R atria
-separated by interatrial septum, made of myocardium
L/R ventricles
-separated by interventricular septum, made of myocardium
*rememeber myocardium includes gap junctions (gap junctions are for communication)
what is referred to when we say "fibrous skeleton"?
the valves we talked about.
atrioventricular (between atria & ventricles)
semilunar (between ventricles & great arteries)
What specific type of vein connects organs directly, but eventually will return to the heart?
portal veins.
(ex: hypothalamo... hypo-->pituitary)
(hepatic portal (spleen --> liver)
What does aldosterone do?
increase blood Na, which makes water follow (increasing BP)
Explain all 3 plasma proteins
albumin: highest amount.
made in liver
pulls water in blood, so works to maintain BP by pulling water in.
Globulins: 2 categories (2nd most)
1. antibody: immune function, from plasma cells (NOT LIVER)
2. transporters: binds proteins and moves them.
Fibrinogen: (less common)
made in liver.
helps form clots/stop bleeding
Walls of ventricles/atria are made of 3 layers:
Epicardium:
-Just like visceral serous pericardium, bottom layer in picture in notes.
Myocardium:
- Cardiomyocytes with gap junctions (commmunication)
Endocardium:
- SSE
1) Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
-"pacemaker"
-atrium are stimulated to contract
*this is the FIRST node to be "hit"
2) Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
-stimulated by flowing electricity in atria, but SLOW to respond.
-delays the signal for .1 or .2 seconds.
*this is called temporal separation*
3) Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
-branch into R/L bundle branch.
-branches deliver electricity to apex/periphery of ventricles where it spreads UPWARDS
Location of capillaries:
found between arteries & veins (very small)
adrenal glands:
what does medulla AND cortex secrete?
medulla: epinephrine & norepinephrine
cortex: there are 3 zones that secrete diff things. (aldosterone, cortisol, weak androgens)
glomerulosa: aldosterone
fasciculata: cortisol
reticularis: weak androgens
What types of cells are included in the granular and agranular cells?
granular:
phils and mast cells
(these are released to kill! Like soldiers)
agranular:
lymphocytes (T/B/NK cells)
Macrophages (precursor is monocytes)
The heart pumps blood in 2 circuits. Explain these:
Systemic circuit: (left ventricle)
-deliver oxygenated blood to body (whole body) via the AORTA and returns DEoxygenated blood back to heart via the VENA CAVA
Pulmonary circuit: (right ventricle)
-deliver DEoxygenated blood to lungs (to get oxygen) via the PULMONARY TRUNK and returns oxygenated blood back to heart via PULMONARY VEINS.
Explain the circuits & waves locations:
P wave-
atrial excitation & subsequent contraction
(little bump before the jump)
QRS complex-
ventricular excitation & subsequent contraction
-atrial relaxation
-S1 shortly after S
(this is the big jump)
T wave-
ventricular relaxation
-S2 shortly after T
(this is another small bump after the big jump)
What is thrombi and emboli in the arteries/what do they cause?
emboli: pieces of thrombi that break off & travel to block vessels elsewhere. This could cause stroke or myocardial infarction.
thrombi: blood clots form in heart chambers or on valves, often caused by atrial fibrillation, heart attacks, or cardiomyopathy.