The Cell Cycle - Mitosis
Cyclin and a Cdk make up a ________.
maturation promoting factor (MPF)
What is the only way to get variation between parents and offspring during asexual reproduction?
Mutations
The mating or crossing of 2 true-breeding varieties is called _______.
hybridization
Which of the following events occurs during interphase of the cell cycle? What specific phase does this event take place?
- formation of mitotic spindle
- separation of spindle poles
- DNA replication
- chromosomes condensing
DNA replication happens during the S phase of the cell cycle
If you inherit one allele of this condition, you will end up with more than 5 fingers or toes on a given hand or foot. What condition is this?
polydactyly
(somehow, some way having 5 fingers and toes is a recessive allele)
How do the genomes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ? (shape and number)
Eukaryotes have multiple linear DNA molecules, whereas prokaryotes consist of only one circular DNA molecule.
_______ refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell. A cell that has two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent) is called _______, whereas a cell that only has one set of chromosomes is called _______.
Ploidy
diploid
haploid
What is the difference between a character and a trait? Give an example of each.
A character is a heritable feature that varies among individuals. (Example: skin color, hair color, eye color, height)
A trait is each variant for a character. (Example: brown eyes, blue eyes, brown hair, black hair, etc.)
For any given gene, different alleles only vary in the gene's _______.
nucleotide sequence
What are the two types of reproduction? Define them.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!!!
In asexual reproduction, a single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.
In sexual reproduction, two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents.
What are 2 types of asexual reproduction?
How do kinteochore microtubules aid in the splitting of centromeres?
They create tension by pulling toward opposite poles.
Somatic cells of beavers have 28 chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a beaver?
14
This type of inheritance pattern describes the ability of a single allele to have multiple phenotypic effects. Give 2 examples of this phenomenon.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!!!
Define the 2 examples
Pleitropy; Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome
Kallmann syndrome is an inability to smell and an inability to progress through puberty.
Waardenburg syndrome is characterized by a white forelock, wide set eyes, and severe constipation.
What is the probability of rolling an odd number or 4 on a six-sided die? What rule of probability do you use to find the answer?
You use the addition rule of probability. The probability is 2/3.
Give examples of completely dominant, incompletely dominant and codominant situations/conditions.
completely dominant (example: purple and white flowers cross to produce purple flowers)
incompletely dominant (think blending of colors; example: red and white flowers cross to produce pink flowers)
codominant (example: IAIB)
Define the following terms: chromosome, chromatid, chromatin, cohesin, centromere, centrosome.
chromosome:a long DNA molecule and its associated proteins
chromatin: the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes
chromatid: a copy of each chromosome (sister chromatids are joined copies of the original chromosome)
cohesin: proteins that hold sister chromatids together
centromere: a region containing specific DNA sequences where the two chromatids are the most closely attached
centrosome: microtubule organizing center; used for forming the mitotic spindle
After telophase of meiosis 1, each daughter cell is _______ (haploid/diploid), and the chromosomes are each composed of _____ (one/two) chromatid(s).
After telophase of meiosis 1, each daughter cell is haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatid(s).
How do you explain the 3:1 ratio? (4)
1. Different traits result from different alleles of the same gene.
2. For each character, an offspring inherits 2 alleles (same of different).
3. When 2 different alleles are present, the dominant allele determines the phenotype and the recessive allele no effect on the appearance.
4. The two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation (meiosis) and end up in different gametes.
You roll two dice. What is the probability that the first die is an even number and the second die lands on 5? What rule of probability do you use to determine this?
You would use the multiplication rule. The probability of the dice's result is 1/12.
Define crossing over and independent assortment. (Both occur during meiosis 1)
Independent assortment is the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate.
Name the 5 phases of mitosis and three characteristics for each of the phases.
1. Prophase (chromosomes start to condense, nucleolus disappears, mitotic spindle starts to form, nuclear envelope still intact)
2. Prometaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes condense even more, kinetochores form, spindle microtubules enter nuclear area)
3. Metaphase (centrosomes are at the poles, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, the kinetochores of each chromosome are attached to kinetochore microtubules coming from opposite poles)
4. Anaphase (chromosomes are split and move toward the spindle poles, the cell elongates as the microtubules lengthen, each spindle pole has a complete set of chromosomes)
5. Telophase (a nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, spindle microtubules depolymerize, chromosomes become less condensed, nucleolus reforms)
When do homologous pairs of chromosomes separate? When do sister chromatids separate?
Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis 1, while sister chromatids separate in meiosis 2.
Brown spots on giraffes (B) are dominant to black spots (b), and long necks (N) are dominant to short necks (n). What fraction of the offspring of crosses bbNn x Bbnn will be expected to have black spots and short necks?
1/4
Albinism is a recessive disease. A couple gets married, and neither of them has the disease. However, the husband's mother has the disease. What must be the wife's genotype in order that the probability of the couple's children having the disease is 0?
AA (can use whatever letter you want but both must be capital letters)
How does plant cell cytokinesis differ from animal cell cytokinesis?
In plant cell cytokinesis, plant cells deposit vesicles containing cell wall building blocks on the metaphase plate.
In animal cell cytokinesis, an animal cell forms a cleave furrow.