Generalization, Stimulus Control, and Generalization
While you are driving, if you approach an intersection and the traffic light turns red, you move your foot to the brake pedal.
Stimulus control
People form mental concepts of objects, which permit them to respond appropriately to new objects they encounter
categories
An approach to categorization which assumes that organisms associate the many features of category exemplars with reinforcers (or category labels) and then respond to new items according to the combined associative strengths of their features.
An attentional or memory mechanism that helps predators search for specific hidden prey
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refers to the fact that a reward can sometimes seem to weaken- and a nonreward can sometimes seem to strengthen-instrumental actions.
Paradoxical
Ed Wasserman did an experiment which pigeons learned to between four categories at a time
discriminate
are closely related to our knowledge of the world, and people can more easily learn those that are consistent with their knowledge.
Concepts
exposure to the different types of trials results in the formation of just such as a prototype
Prototype theory
Important for reasoning, learning, and comprehending
Working Memory
implies that learning under partial reinforcements is more vigorous than learning under full reinforcements
Partial-reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)
In order to increase , we must complete trainings in various environments or settings.
generalization
Refers to any class the members of which share one or more defining features
Concept Formation
Exemplar theory
Includes knowledge, regulation, and experience
Metacognition
PIT means...
Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer
Telling the difference between a baby's cries
Discrimination
Hernstein, Loveland, and Cable did experiments on categorization and discrimination, utilizing the stimuli of.....
trees, water, and Margaret
The principle of this is that creating a long-term memory is something that happens in stages; first we perceive something through our sensory memory, which is everything we can see, hear, feel or taste in a given moment.
Information Processing Theory
a mental state in which an organism forced to endure aversive stimuli, then becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those stimuli, even if they are “escapable,” presumably because it has learned that it cannot control the situation.
learned helplessness
Advertisers pair their products with items that arose
positive emotions
Overcoming a fear of flying by going through exposure therapy
Generalization
Seeing three dogs and a cat and knowing which groups belong together
Categorization
Mowrer noted that in any avoidance situation there are usually cues or warning signals in the environment that tell the organism that an aversive event is about to happen, which lead to this
two factor theory
Two important SSDRs are
flight and freezing
A decrease or elimination of unwanted behaviors
Punishment