Hormones
The chemical composition of fluids excreted via ducts are changed by these glands
What are exocrine glands?
Exo- outside
Endo - inside
Sweat and tears can change depending on a variety of factors
This hormone peaks at the end of your sleep cycle, helping you wake up.
What is cortisol?
Does protein synthesis occur during REM or NREM sleep?
What hormone peaks at the beginning of the sleep cycle during slow wave sleep? GH - restoration is one of the theories why we sleep
What hormone from the pineal gland increases sleepiness?
The less severe form of unipolar depression is called this
What is dysthymia
Unipolar - one way
Bipolar - two way (both depression and mania)
The theory that states that emotions come from our cognitive thoughts in the cerebral cortex
What is cannon/bard theory of emotion?
What is the problem with this theory?
These are two chemicals released outside the body that affect others
What are pheromones and allomones?
Hormones alter cellular function and can be classified by their chemical structure. What is the other way hormones can be classified?
What is how they change cells or exert influence?
Bonus:
What is the difference between protein and amine hormones and steroid hormones?
This is a stimulus that resets the endogenous circadian rhythm
What is a zeitgeber?
What are some examples?
What is the region of the brain responsible for the biological clock?
What happens when you lesion this area?
This can be caused by decreasing levels of monoamines
What is depression?
Which synapses reflex decreased activity? Noradrenergic and serotonergic
What hormone is found in higher levels in depressed patients?
Cortisol (HPA axis dysfunction)
The path where fear builds slowly over time due to increased conscious processing
What is the high road?
These neurons which extend into the pituitary gland allow for the release of ADH.
What are magnocellular neurosecretory neurons
ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) is also known as Vasopressin, also listed as arginine vasopression
Anti-diuretic: Diuretics release water from cells, so what does an anti-diuretic do? What organ does this work on? Kidneys - they control how much water we retain, which helps control the volume of our blood, remember you body is mostly water. Fun facts: Vasopressin works on smooth muscles and is connected to pair bonding in voles
Whats a drug would affect ADH? (Think of BEHAVIORS that change regarding what vasopressin does) Alcohol - affects how much you need to pee
Where are the hormones produced? Posterior Pituitary hormones are produced in the hypothalamus is the Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei
How is this different that the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
Anterior pituitary gland contains endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete tropic hormones, the hypothalamus secretes RELEASING hormones that control the rate of release for the tropic hormones
When the signal from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland is hormonal, what tropic hormones are released?
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
Prolactin
Endorphins
GH - growth hormone
What do they do? Why are they called tropic? Where are their target organs?
The time where there is increased firing in the cerebral cortex, reflected in short, high frequency waves as well as reflex suppression, reduced postural tension and increased twitches.
What is paradoxical sleep?
Or REM sleep, or Rapid Eye Movement sleep
Brain is very active, body is not
This class of drugs block both serotonin and norepinephrine
What are tricyclic drugs
SNRI - they are reuptake inhibitors
This field examines reasons why depression leads to sleep interruptions and weakened immune function
What is psychoneuroimmunology
What did Cohen's cold study prove
Doctors might have to take an artificial version of this hormone if you are going through IVF
What is Gonadotropin releasing hormone? (GnRH)
WHY? this will enable the release of BOTH FSH and LH
What is the affect on women and men? Gonads are the target organ - more sperm production and ovulation
Do these mechanisms work on a negative or positive feedback loop?
Where is this released? releasing = hypothalamus
A stroke in this area of the brain may lead to dysfunctional stress response due to interference with the releasing hormone
What is Paraventricular nulceus?
Could also be: hypothalamus
Why not the pituitary gland (which side)?
The key here is the word "releasing" hormones, those come BEFORE the pituitary gland (anterior) and control the release of tropic hormones
The ratio of REM to Non-REM sleep is the most similar during which period of development
What is Neonatal development
Earliest in our development we sleep the most and about half the time is in REM sleep.
How does this change over your life?
What NT promotes REM sleep? AcE
Which GABA producing nucleus is active during this time?
Lesions in what areas will reduce NREM sleep?
Which NT produce atonia?
This is the cause of a time delay in clinical effectiveness of antidepressants
What are autoreceptors?
Meds produce increase in NE and 5-HT, autoreceptors dowregulate, transmitters release less, continued intake of meds further downregulates autoreceptors, presynaptic cell releases more NT, then post synpaptic receptors activate which increases intracellular signaling proteins and finally therapeutic dose is reached
Damage to this area will not alter a reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, such as suffocation, but will alter fear behaviors and learning and memory.
What is the Amygdala
These are the two types of influences the hypothalamic neurons receive feedback by.
What are circulating messages and synaptic input?
This complex controls the expression of specific genes leading to new protein production and multiple biological effects.
The steroid receptor complex.
What type of hormone? What is it derived from? What is unique about the chemical structure?
What connection does the phospholipid bilayer have to this?
Neurons in this area are silent during both NREM and REM sleep
What is the locus coeruleus?
Increasing Norepinephrine does what?
This drug almost immediately reduces clinical symptoms of depression, due to it being a glutamate antagonist .
What is ketamine?
Increased levels of this immune system component are correlated with increased risk for cancer, indicating those with a stressful life are more prone to cancer.
What are cytokines
Which type of baboon had low levels of stress hormone?
Dominant males.
Why?
Alpha males did not have to worry about competition