Digestive
What are the types of Digestive systems and give an example of each.
1. Non-ruminant (simple stomach): cats, dogs, pigs, chickens, humans
2. Pseudoruminant (hind gut fermenter): horses, rabbits
3. Ruminant: cattle, sheep, goats
What is endocrinology?
secretion of substances into the bloodstream to travel to a target source to cause a response
What are the types of immunity?
Innate: faster and more generic response
- Immediate: localized response
- Induced: recruitment of more cells
Adaptive: slower but more specific response with the whole body
- Humoral: B cells will produce antibodies against a specific antigen
- Cell mediated: Destruction of infected cells by T- cells
What are the organs associated with the renal system and what are their functions?
Kidneys: produces urine
Ureters: carries urine to bladder
Adrenal glands: stress hormone production
Urinary bladder: collects, stores, releases urine
Urethra: pathway of urine out of the body
Define the following:
Ovary:
Oviduct:
Uterine Horn:
Uterus:
Cervix:
Vagina:
Vulva:
Ovary: houses oocytes and developing follicles (site of ovulation)
Oviduct: (site of fertilization ) connects ovary to uterus
Uterine Horn: Site of implantation in cattle (connects oviduct to uterine body)
Uterus: site of fetal growth
Cervix: barrier of reproductive tract
Vagina: site of copulation
Vulva: forms external seal
What is a by product of microbial fermentation? What are the three types?
- Acetate
- Propionate
- Butyrate
What are the classes of hormones?
- Peptides
- Steroids
- Amines
What are complement proteins?
Functions:
- cell lysis and opsonize antigens and initiate phagocytosis
What are the functions or the renal system?
- Blood volume and blood pressure
- Concentrations of blood ions
- Blood pH by control of H+ and HCO3- ion secretion
- Removal of waste products and reabsorption of filtered nutrients
1. What is the broad ligament?
2. What does FSH and LH do?
3. What is folliculogenesis?
4. What is the hormone of pregnancy? ovulation?
1. Physically supports the reproductive tract from the dorsal body wall
2.
FSH: stimulates follicle growth
LH: stimulates ovulation
3. development of a new, mature/egg ovum
4. Progesterone; Estrogen
Describe the sections of the ruminant stomach.
Rumen: site of microbial fermentation and where VFA's are a by product
Reticulum: "honey comb" removal of waste products
Omasum: "many piles" water absorption
Abomasum: "TRUE STOMACH" where enzymatic, chemical, and mechanical digestion occurs
What are the modes of hormone transmission?
Endocrine: hormones travel to a different tissue across body systems to effect target tissue
Paracrine: the cell that secreted the hormone is in close proximity to the target cell
Autocrine: the same cell that secreted the cell will be effected by it
- Usually due to the pro-inflammatory cytokines
What is the process for urine formation?
1. Blood filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
What are the stages of follicular development?
1. Primordial follicle
2. Developing Follicles
3. Secondary Ovum
4. Graafian ovum
5. Ruptured Follicle
6. Liberated Follicle
7. Corpus Luteum
What is the process of Digestion?
- Prehension
- Mastication
- Deglutition
- Regurgitation
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Assimilation
- Egestion
What are examples of steroid and peptide hormones?
Steroid (lipid): cortisol and aldosterone
Peptide (protein): epinephrine, Gonadotropins, growth hormone
IgA: breast milk, protects GI tract of young animals
IgE: Parasites or allergy response, least common
IgG: Innate immunity, detoxes
IgM: first antibody produced in response to antigen presence (memory response)
IgD: activation of B cells but function unknown
What is the purpose of the Nephron?
- Functional unit of the kidney
- Urine production occurs here
Estrus:
Diestrus:
Estrous:
Anestrus:
Estrus: standing heat (receptive to male)
Diestrus: When the female is not in standing heat, follicles developing
Estrous: entire reproductive cycle including estrus and diestrus
Anestrus: when an animal is not cycling
What are the cells of the glandular stomach and describe their function.
- Parietal cells: H+ and Cl- for hydrochloric acid (chemical digestion)
- Chief cells: makes pepsinogen, a digestive hormone
- Enteroendocrine cells: G cells are hormonal cells that secretes gastrin
Compare and contrast Hypothalamus and Pituitary glands.
Hypothalamus: secretes- dopamine, GnRH, TRH
- interface between nervous and endocrine system
Pituitary:
Anterior: secretes- GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
Posterior: Oxytocin, ADH
How do antibodies work?
Antibodies render antigens useless by:
Neutralization: antibodies bind to binding sites and make it unable to bind with other body cells.
or Agglutination: causes clumps of antigens and limits their mobility.
Regardless the goal is to mark antigen for removal by cell lysis or phagocytosis
How does blood filter through the kidney?
Plasma is part of blood being filtered
Kidneys remove everything from the blood and then the body reabsorbs the rest
Glomerular Capillaries have a high pressure than other capillaries
This causes plasma to enter the Bowmans Capsule to go to the nephrons of kidneys
It is now called glomerular filtrate
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, AA, Glucose, are pumped back into the interstitial fluid as it continues being filtered through the convoluted tubules
Final active transport out of the filtrate occurs at the collecting ducts
What is parturition? What are the average estrous cycles in the cow, ewe, sow, and mare? Length of pregnancy?
Parturition: Smooth muscle is stimulated by oxytocin which stimulates contractions for birth.
Estrous:
Cow: 21
Ewe: 17
Sow: 21
Mare: 21
Pregnancy:
Cow: 282
Ewe: 148
Sow: 115
Mare: 335