Digestive
What are the digestive enzymes found in the digestive system?
Amylase: (salivary glands) breaks down carbohydrates
Lipase: breaks down of lipids
Protease: break down of proteins
Pepsin: converted to pepsinogen, which is localized to the stomach
What is the importance of hypothalamus pituitary axis (HPA)?
It provides balance within the body and can affect fertility by mediating the effects of stressors.
What cells are apart of adaptive immunity? What about innate?
Adaptive:
- B cells
- T cells
- NK cells
Innate:
- Monocytes
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate?
- How fast plasma is filtered through the glomerulus
- Measures how well your kidneys filter blood and determines your stage of kidney disease
1. What is the spermatic cord? Where is its origin?
2. What is the pampiniform plexus?
3. What is the cremaster muscle:
1. connects the testicles to the body and delivers blood, lymph and nerve supply
origin: inguinal ring
2. contributes to the temperature control of the testes by counter current exchange of venous and arterial blood
3. Pulls the testicles closer to the body when contracted
Describe the digestive hormones.
Gastrin: prompts the release of HCL and digestive enzymes which kickstarts the process of digestion
Ghrelin: hunger hormone
Cholecystokinin: stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes for digestion
Insulin & Glucagon: regulation of blood sugar
Describe the function of the pineal gland.
Receives neural information regarding light and dark cycles by photoreceptors in the eye. Allows the body to secrete melatonin where there is peak darkness. This in turn is linked to reproductive function which stimulates or inhibits GnRH in regards to short vs long day breeders.
What is a pathogen? Antigen? Cytokine?
Pathogen: any organism with the potential to cause an infection
Antigen: has the ability to cause an immune response either pathogen or infected cell inside body
Cytokine: signaling protein induces a response
Describe the ureters.
- Exits the kidney at the hilus and then connects to the urinary bladder
- Lined with transitional epithelium (This allows ureters to stretch )
- Continuously transports urine to the bladder
1. What is the master organ of the reproductive system?
2. What is the site for production of spermatozoa and male sex hormone testosterone?
3. What are Sertoli and Leydig cells?
1. & 2: Testis
3. Sertoli: Nurse cells that provide necessary nutrients for development of sperm
Leydig: produces testosterone
Describe the relationship between Insulin and Glucagon.
Insulin and glucagon help maintain blood sugar levels. Glucagon helps prevent blood sugar from dropping, while insulin stops it from rising too high. Insulin and glucagon work together in a balance and play a vital role in regulating a person's blood sugar levels.
Insulin is released after a meal in response to high blood glucose and stimulates the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.
Glucagon is released in response to low blood glucose which stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into useable glucose.
Describe the Thyroid gland the the Parathyroid gland.
Thyroid: regulatory role in metabolism, has both peptide based hormones and amine based hormones.
Parathyroid: helps in the regulation of Ca+ in the body, stimulates increase in plasma Ca due to low Ca levels, has a secondary affect on Vitamin D
Discuss how the immune system identifies self.
There are two complexes:
MHC 1 which is produced by all body cells and acts as a security badge
MCH 2 will present antigen fragments to the adaptive immune system like T-cells and NK cells which activates adaptive immunity and treats the antigen as a foe.
- Composed of a muscular sac and neck
- Composed of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle at the sphincter
- Contains stretch receptors
- Functions like a balloon
- Lined with transitional epithelium
1. What is the efferent duct?
2. What is Epididymal duct?
3. What is the deferent duct?
1. Efferent Duct: network of tubes that will transport sperm cells to the epididymis
2. Epididymal duct: site of maturation of sperm cells
3. Deferent duct (Vas Deferens): network of tubes that transports ejaculate and sperm
Describe the muscle movements of the digestive tract.
Oxytocin stimulates Smooth muscle to have peristaltic contractions which moves the food along the digestive system
Describe the adrenal gland and gonads.
Adrenal: target organ for ACTH
- Cortex: cortisol & aldosterone
- Medulla: epinephrine & norepinephrine
Gonads: target tissue of gonadotropins, primary producers of sex steroids
Discuss the process of development of a blood clot and breakdown.
A blood vessel is severed causing blood and blood components to leak out. The smooth muscle in the vessel wall contracts near injury to slow blood loss. Platelets are activated by chemicals release by injury site. Platelets move towards the chemicals being released and line the damage and start coagulation cascade. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin to form a blood clot. Platelets get sticky and clot together. Fibrin becomes woven into a net like structure that surround the newly formed clot. Fibrinolysis dissolves the clot after the vessel has healed.
Describe the urethra.
Females: Opens at vestibule of vulva
Males: Runs down the center of the penis , Pathway for semen and seminal fluids during ejaculation
1. What are the accessory sex glands?
2. What is spermatogenesis?
1. - Prostate
- Vesicular glands
- Bulbourethral gland (Cowper's gland)
2. Development of sperm in seminiferous tubules
What are the major classes of nutrients?
- Water
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Vitamins
- Minerals
What are some common endocrine disorders found in domestic animals?
Diabetes: imbalance of hormones in the pancreas
Metabolic syndrome
Cushing's Disease: imbalance of cortisol in the body
Goiter: imbalance of hormones in the thyroid
Describe an immune response.
The first line of defense is the arrival of non-phagocytic leukocytes at the infection site. These release histamine which increases blood flow and makes the area swollen and hot. Then Phagocytic macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria . Then Antigens from the pathogen protrude from the cell wall of macrophage. Then T cells bind to antigens on the surface of macrophage to trigger the release of chemical messengers. This causes T cells to multiply. Antibodies on B cells bind to antigens contributing to destroying pathogens. B and T cells unite which causes the B cells to divide and produce plasma cells and memory cells. Antibodies and memory B cells remain in the blood stream to fight new infection of the same pathogen.
Describe the adrenal glands.
Cortex
Produces Cortisol and Aldosterone
Cortisol regulates stress
Aldosterone regulates sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions
It removes ions to regulate kidney homeostasis
Medulla
Produces Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Secretions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system
1. Describe the pathway of sperm out of the body.
2. What are the benefits to AI?
1. Seminiferous tubules --> epididymis --> Vas deferens --> Accessory sex glands
2.
- Cryopreservation allows semen to be viable for extended periods of time
- Reduces the spread of sexually transmitted disease
- No need for bull on site