Parenting Power Plays
Philip's parents are characterized as nurturing, responsive, and supportive, valuing the child's autonomy.
What parenting style is this & what kind of impact does this style have on Philip?
Authoritative Parenting;
Develops the strength to endure hardships and to continue following his interests and passions.
Positive impact on autonomy and self-esteem
True or False:
Julia, a preschooler, becomes highly distressed when their caregiver leaves and is difficult to console upon their return, this behavior is characteristic of secure attachment, which fosters trust in future relationships and a strong sense of security.
False
This type of intelligence is tested when Jamie quickly learns a new strategy to solve a puzzle in her video game.
What is fluid intelligence?
According to attribution theory, when we explain behavior by attributing it to a person's individual traits, it is known as what type of attribution?
Dispositional Attribution
How do attitudes influence behavior?
Attitudes refer to feelings influenced by beliefs, predisposing us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, or events.
Attitudes often predict behavior.
Define conformity in the context of social psychology and provide an example.
Conformity is adjusting behaviors or thinking to coincide with others.
Example: Going along with the group's opinion or behavior.
This term refers to the practice of unselfish concern for or devotion to the welfare of others.
Altruism
Sarah's parents rarely set rules or enforce boundaries, allowing Sarah to make most decisions, even when it might not be in her best interest.
What parenting style is this & what kind of impact does this style have on Sarah?
Permissive Parenting;
Sarah may struggle with discipline and boundaries
Lucas, a 3-year-old, believes that the moon follows him wherever he goes.
What cognitive stage and what is the primary cognitive characteristic of this stage?
Preoperational Stage; Egocentrism
Emma uses this type of intelligence to recall detailed facts about world history during trivia night.
What is crystallized intelligence?
When talking about personal attribution - We are quick to _______ for our successes and equally quick to ____ for our failures.
take credit; blame outside factors
What are the two routes to persuasion, and how do they differ in terms of processing information?
Two routes to persuasion: Peripheral route (influenced by incidental cues) and Central route (focused on arguments, requiring systematic thinking).
Peripheral - Using visual images in advertising.
Central - Providing evidence in favor of a product.
What is the Chameleon Effect, and how does it relate to social interactions?
The Chameleon Effect is natural mimicry, helping us unconsciously imitate others' behavior.
It relates to social interactions by fostering empathy.
According to this theory human interactions aim to maximize rewards and minimize costs. What theory is this?
social exchange theory
What term describes an attachment style characterized by inconsistent and unpredictable behavior in relationships, often marked by a mix of anxious and avoidant behaviors?
Individuals with this attachment style may have experienced disorganized or traumatic caregiving during their early years.
Anxious-Disorganized
In adult relationships, this attachment style can manifest as unpredictable and tumultuous relationships, difficulty in regulating emotions, and a struggle to maintain stable and healthy connections with others.
Ethan, a 5-year-old, frequently experiences disapproval from his caregivers when he attempts to assert himself or take on new responsibilities. He begins to feel guilty about his efforts and becomes hesitant to try new things.
What negative outcome is Ethan at risk of in this stage, and how might it affect his future development?
Negative outcome is guilt;
It could result in self-doubt and difficulties in taking initiative.
This research method is being used when a scientist observes the same group of individuals every five years to examine how their cognitive abilities evolve.
What is longitudinal research?
How does culture influence the attributions people make?
Individualistic cultures attribute more to personality, while collectivistic cultures attribute more to the situation.
Explain the Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon and provide an example.
The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon is the tendency to agree to a small request first and then comply with a larger request later.
Example: Agreeing to lend a small amount of money makes it easier to agree to a larger amount later.
What are the ABC's in social psychology that apply to the study of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination?
Affect, Behavior, and Cognition
In the case of Kitty Genovese, what phenomenon did researchers investigate to understand why people didn't intervene to help during an emergency?
Bystander effect
Emma, a 9-month-old baby, often plays peek-a-boo with her caregiver. Emma's face lights up with joy when her caregiver reappears after covering her face with a blanket.
What cognitive stage is Emma currently experiencing, and what is the primary cognitive milestone of this stage?
Sensorimotor Stage; Developing object permanence.
In Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory, what is the term for the first stage, where infants learn to trust their caregivers and develop a sense of security?
Trust vs. Mistrust stage
A researcher compares memory skills between 10-year-olds, 20-year-olds, and 30-year-olds at the same point in time. What type of research method is this?
What is cross-sectional research?
What does the Fundamental Attribution Error refer to in social psychology?
The Fundamental Attribution Error is the tendency to underestimate the influence of the situation while overestimating the influence of personality.
According to social psychologists, we are more likely to help others if...
Provide at least 3 reasons
1. Appear in need of help
2. Simailr to us
3. Women
4. Observed helping behavior
5. Not in a hurry
6. Small town or Rural area
7.Feeling Guilty
8. Focused on others
9. Good Mood
Why might individuals conform to fit in and gain social approval?
Provide at least 3 reasons
1. Made to feel incompetent or insecure.
2. In a group of at least 3 people.
3. Everyone Agrees
4. Value the group's status and attractiveness
5. No prior commitment to a response
6. Others observing our behavior
7. Culture encourages respect for social norms
This term describes the phenomenon where people are less likely to offer help when there are more people present.
Diffusion of Responsibility
Mia, a teenager, is exploring her identity, values, and beliefs. She's questioning her role in society and is seeking a sense of purpose.
What psychosocial stage is Mia likely experiencing, and what is the central crisis of this stage?
Identity vs. Role Confusion;
The central crisis is forming a stable sense of self.
A scientist studying the impact of technology on attention starts by observing 10-year-olds, 15-year-olds, and 20-year-olds, and then follows each group for a decade. What is this method?
What is sequential research?
What is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development starting from infancy?
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
Define dispositional attribution and situational attribution in attribution theory.
Provide an example.
Dispositional attribution attributes behavior to individual traits, while situational attribution attributes behavior to the situation.
Example: Dispositional - "That driver is a real jerk," Situational - "Maybe they didn’t see me, or maybe they are in a hurry."
According to cognitive dissonance theory, how do people reduce psychological tension when holding inconsistent cognitions? Provide an example.
Cognitive dissonance theory states that people shift their attitudes to reduce tension.
Example: Smokers experiencing dissonance may justify smoking by convincing themselves it's not as unhealthy as they initially believed.
Describe the Asch conformity experiment, including its setup and the main question it aimed to answer.
In the Asch conformity experiment, participants matched lines; confederates intentionally gave incorrect answers. The main question was whether the real participant would conform or provide the correct answer.
What is the Milgram experiment, and what does it reveal about obedience and authority in social psychology?
The Milgram experiment involved participants administering what they believed were increasingly severe electric shocks to another person (an actor). The study revealed the extent to which individuals would obey authority figures, even when it conflicted with their personal moral beliefs.