Classical and Operant Conditioning
Who are the pioneers of classical and operant conditioning?
Classical - Ivan Pavlov
Operant - B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike
Who are the pioneers of the concept of insight?
Wolfgang Kohler and Edward Tolman
What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory? Define a memory of each type.
Explicit memory requires conscious awareness while implicit memory does not.
Explicit - Studying for an exam.
Implicit - Knowing the words to a song you've heard many times.
Describe the difference between g and s as they refer to intelligence.
s - Specific intelligences (e.g. word fluency, comprehension, numerical ability)
Which brain areas control our experience of emotions?
Limbic system (Amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus)
Describe the process of classical conditioning.
UCS -> UCR. UCS + NS -> UCR. After numerous pairings, NS becomes CS. CS -> CR.
Describe the results of the Bobo Doll experiment.
Kids who watched their parents play nicely with the Bobo doll mimicked that behavior. Kids who watched their parents be aggressive with the Bobo doll mimicked that behavior.
7 +/- 2
Describe the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence.
Fluid Intelligence – Capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and performing activities
Crystallized Intelligence – The accumulated knowledge of the world we have acquired throughout our lives
Which theory of emotion suggests that we accompany emotions and physiological arousal simultaneously?
Cannon-Bard Theory
What term describes reductions in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
Give an example of classical conditioning in advertising.
Pairing a product with music/colors/humor -> positive emotion. Eventually product alone -> positive emotion.
What is the 3 step procedure for moving memory from STM to LTM?
What were the 3 components of intelligence as proposed by Sternberg?
Analytical, creative, and practical
Describe the Schacter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of emotional processing.
The experience of emotion is determined by the intensity of the arousal we are experiencing, but that the cognitive appraisal of the situation determines what the emotion will be.
What is a secondary reinforcer? Give an example.
Secondary Reinforcer – A neutral event that has become associated with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning.
Money.
What is latent learning?
Learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so.
What are the 3 types of implicit memory?
1. Procedural - Our unexplainable knowledge of how to do things.
2. Classical Conditioning - Without effort we associate neutral stimuli with a naturally occurring response.
3. Priming - Changes in behaviour as a result of experiences that have happened frequently or recently.
What is eugenics?
Eugenics – The proposal that one could improve the human species by encouraging or permitting reproduction of only those people with genetic characteristics judged desirable.
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
Proposes that the movement of our facial muscles can trigger corresponding emotions
Give an example of a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule.
Fixed-Ratio – Behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses.
Commission or sales bonuses are great examples.
Give an example of operant conditioning in the real world.
In the classrooms, teachers give praise to students who do things well and might give a warning to students who misbehave.
What is the word for photographic memory?
Eidetic
Give an example of intelligence test bias.
Giving a test normed on English speakers to a person whose first language is not English
If a person is standing on a very high bridge and feels physiological arousal, but attributes that to being sexually attracted to another person on the bridge, we would call this phenomenon ______________.
Misattribution of arousal