Cognition and Intelligence
Motivation
Emotion
100
What is the Behaviorist theory of language?
What is the Nativist theory of language?
What is the Interactionist theory of language?
Behaviorist Theories
Learn language through imitation, reinforcement and other principles of conditioning
Nativist Theories
Inborn, or “native,” propensity to develop language
Learn rules of language
Language acquisition device (LAD) – innate mechanism that facilitates learning a language
Interactionist Theories
Biology and experience both make important contributions
The human brain is hardwired to readily recognize the sound patterns that make up human languages
100
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis: A state of physiological equilibrium or stability.
100
How is emotion defined?
is a subjective conscious experience, accompanied by bodily arousal and by characteristic overt expression.
200
What is Linguistic Relativity and why is it important?
The hypothesis that one’s language determines the nature of one’s thoughts.
200
What is a drive?
Drive: A hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension.
Internal states push someone to act.
These unpleasant states of tension are viewed as disruptions of the preferred equilibrium.
200
From an evolutionary perspective why did emotions develop?
Emotions developed because of their adaptive value
Largely innate reactions to certain stimuli
Emotion evolved before thought
Originate in subcortical structures that evolved before the higher brain areas associated with complex thought
300
What is Aphasia?
The loss of the ability to speak or understand language.
The closely related processes of reading and writing may also be affected by aphasia, but this is not always the case.
300
Different theories of motivation discussed in class?
Drive Theories - Humans seek to maintain homeostasis (physiological stability)
Incentive Theories- Incentive: External goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior. External stimuli pull someone to act.
There can also be intrinsic motivators as well.
Evolutionary Theories: Motives can best be understood in terms of the adaptive problems they have solved over the course of human history.
300
Different Theories of emotion:
400
What is Broca's aphasia?
What is Wernicke's Aphasia?
Non-fluent Aphasia: This condition is characterized by difficulty producing speech. The speech that the patient manages to produce is slow and very effortful, but it generally makes sense.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWC-cVQmEmY&ab_channel=tactustherapy
Fluent Aphasia: Speech is rapid and fluent, but virtually meaningless. If you don’t pay attention to the meaning, the speech of patients with Wernicke’s aphasia sounds rather normal, if slightly fast. Grammar is generally correct.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oef68YabD0&ab_channel=tactustherapy
400
Key areas of hunger:
Hypothalamus
Lateral Hypothalamus involved in motivation to eat.
Ventromedial Hypothalamus involved in satiety
Arcuate nucleus and Paraventricular nuclei are especially important - hormones related to hunger/eating/digestion appear to converge here.
400
Physiological/anatomical structures related to emotion:
ANS
The Limbic System: hypothalamus, amygdala
500
Name and define the different types of problem-solving:
Inducing Structure: Discover the relationship among the parts.
Arrangement: Arrange parts to satisfy some criterion
Transformation: Complete sequence to reach a specific goal.
500
Hormones important for hunger/digestion:
Ghrellin – secreted by stomach and causes contractions and promotes hunger
CCK – released by upper in intestine to signal satiety
Leptin – provides hypothalamus with information about body’s fat stores
Insulin – secreted by pancreas and is sensitive to fat stores.
500
How are emotions expressed non-verbally? When can these expressions become problematic (give examples)
body language, facial expressions, with actions/behaviors
When those behaviors harm oneself or others (anger expressed as aggression, dysregulation expressed through self-harm)
600
What is the normal distribution? Average IQ and standard deviation?
Normal distribution: Represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population.
Average IQ: 100
SD: 15 (+ or -)
600
Enviornment Factors that motivate/influence hunger and eating:
•Palatability
•Quantity available
•Variety
•Presence of others
•Stress
•Exposure to food cues
600
What is the facial feedback hypothesis? And what are the basic emotions recognized universally?
Facial-feedback hypothesis assert that facial muscles send signals to the brain and that these signals help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing
Facial expressions can reveal a variety of basic emotions, such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust.