Hormones of Digestion
Primary hormone of the parasympathetic nervous system
ACh
Cell type which produces glucagon
Alpha cells
Primary peripheral anorexin
Leptin
How much calcium do you need to take in, in your diet every day?
1000mg
What is the function of VIP
Increase blood flow to the small intestine
Name an enzyme which is used in the digestion of carbohydrates
amylase
What is glycemic index?
A measure that describes how quickly a given food increase blood sugar
Primary peripheral orexin and what does it stand for?
Ghrelin
Growth hormone release inducer
What is the main hypercalcemic hormone?
PTH
What is the molecular target of Semaglutide, Ozempic, Wegovy?
The GLP-1 receptor
Name 2 factors in the stomach which feed back to reduce more food intake
Gastric distension
Increasing pH
What hormone cocktail increase blood glucose most significantly?
Cort+E+ Glucogon
How do endocannabanoids increase food consumption? Through what receptor?
By increasing the hedonic value of food
CB1 receptor
What hormone protects the bones of lactating women? How does it do this molecularly?
CT
by inhibiting osteoclasts directly
What is the Ghrelin receptor called? What is the process of ghrelin binding to this receptor
GHS-1a
Ghrelin must be acylated by GOAT in order to bind
What is the role of CCK in digestion
Slows peristalsis
Causes the release of Bile
What is insulin's affect on Carbohydrates, Fat, and Protein?
Hypoglycemic, glycogenic, antiglycogenolytic
Lipogenic, Antilypolytic
Anabolic
What is the circadian rhythm of Ghrelin and Leptin
Ghrelin peaks just prior to normal meal times followed by high levels during sleep, where as leptin is low during the early day and very high at night
How does vitamin D contribute to calcium regulation?
Block Phosphate absorption in kidney, increase gut absorption
What is the action of insulin on muscle cells
Glut4 membrane insertion
Increase in protein synthesis.. growth and repair
Describe the regulation of stomach acid
ACh+Gastrin increase acid, parietal cells release acid. SST is released when Acid is too high
How does the 'glucostat' work?
Glut2 transporters take in Glucose
Glycolysis increase ATP, ATP sensitive K+ channels close, cell depolarizes, voltage gated Ca channels open, induce insulin release
How are peripheral feeding signals integrated to produce feelings of hunger or satiety. Be sure to include relevant cell types and brain region
Ghrelin & Leptin receptors are co-localized on NPY/AGRP neurons, just leptin receptors populate POMC/CART neurons (all in the arcuate).
These neurons project to the PVN where they produce subjective feelings of hunger and satiety
Describe the relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteoblast mature osteoclast progenitor cells in response to various factors (pth VitD)
What is the one enzyme that works in the stomach
How is it made
What type of cells produce it
Pepsin
It is converted from pepsiongen to pepsin by stomach Acid
Chief cells