chapter 11
This is the general term for a potential alternative explanation for a research finding and is a threat to internal validity.
What is a confound?
This occurs when the IV has no effect on the DV being tested, resulting in no significant covariance between the two variables.
What is a null effect?
This is the number of participants you would need if you were conducting a 2x2 between-subjects design with 20 participants per condition.
What is 80 participants?
This infamous experiment studied the effects of untreated syphilis on men's health over the course of 40 years and was conducted unethically on 600 Black men beginning in 1932.
What is the Tuskegee Study?
This type of threat to a study's internal validity arises when a change in behavior arises spontaneously over time.
What is maturation threats?
This type of threat to internal validity occurs when a certain type of person/participant withdraws from the study between time 1 and time 2.
What is attrition threat?
This is the reason why we don't frequently hear about null effects.
What is publication bias?
A study using a 2x3 design would have this many IVs.
What is two IVs?
This document was written at the request of the US Congress and outlined the ethical guidelines that researchers should follow when conducting studies with human subjects.
What is the Belmont Report?
In this type of study design, neither the participant nor the researcher knows who is in the control/treatment group.
What is a double-blind study?
This type of threat occurs when the method of measurement changes over the course of the study.
What is instrumentation threat?
These are two ways researchers can minimize obscuring factors.
What are maximizing between-group differences and minimizing within-group differences?
For this interaction effect, the influence of one IV on the other reverses across levels of the other IV
These three principles are outlined in the Belmont Report.
What are respect for persons, beneficence, and justice?
This is a type of independent variable that can only be measured and cannot be manipulated.
What is a participant variable?
These are two potential threats to internal validity that can occur in any study.
What are observer bias and demand characteristics?
What is the power of a study?
An experiment with two IVs can tell us these two things.
What are the 2 main effects and 1 interaction effect?
The APA added these two additional ethical principles to the three that were outlined in the Belmont report.
What are integrity and Fidelity/Responsibility?
This type of interaction occurs when one IV has an influence on one level of the other IV, but not other levels of it.
What is a spreading interaction?
Researchers typically implement control groups, random assignment/matched groups, and counterbalancing to combat these three threats to internal validity.
What are design confound, selection effect, and order effect?
Weak manipulations, insensitive measures, and the ceiling/floor effect all can result in this.
What are low between-group differences?
These are the two main statistical concerns when investigating causal claims.
What are significance and effect size?
When planning to conduct a study, you would take these following steps to attain IRB approval.
What are a description of the study, the risks/benefits of participation, procedures for informed consent, and protection of privacy?
This study observed the effects of power and authority on participant's decision to deliver a series of electric shocks to what they believe is another participant.
What is the Milgram study?