Chapter 7
A mental structure used to organize knowledge about people based on their personality traits, goals, and motivations (e.g., understanding the characteristics of an 'extrovert' or a 'pessimist') is a(n):
A. Event schema
B. Role schema
C. Social schema
D. Person schema
D. Person schema (Person schemas organize our conceptions of others' personality traits and goals.)
The Stanford-Binet Test, an intelligence test still in use today, was a revision and standardization of Alfred Binet's original work, adapted for use in the U.S. by:
A. David
B. Charles Spearman
C. Lewis Terman
D. Robert Sternberg
C. Lewis Terman
In the Big Five theory of personality, the trait that includes tendencies such as being soft-hearted, trusting, helpful, and good-natured is:
A. Openness
B. Conscientiousness
C. Extraversion
D. Agreeableness
D. Agreeableness
Which defense mechanism involves retreating to an earlier developmental stage that offered a person psychological comfort when faced with anxiety or stress?
A. Rationalization
B. Denial
C. Projection
D. Regression
D. Regression
According to Sigmund Freud, the part of the personality that operates entirely in the unconscious and is driven by the pleasure principle (seeking immediate gratification of urges) is the:
A. Ego
B. Superego
C. Preconscious
D. Id
D. Id
In Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences, a person who possesses exceptional ability to understand and categorize patterns in the natural world, such as plants, animals, and geological formations, demonstrates high:
A. Spatial intelligence
B. Interpersonal intelligence
C. Naturalistic intelligence
D. Existential intelligence
C. Naturalistic intelligence (Naturalistic intelligence is the sensitivity and capacity to categorize the world of nature.)
A test designed to measure a student's potential to master new skills or acquire knowledge in the future (such as the SAT or a career interest survey) is classified as a(n):
A. Achievement test
B. Aptitude test
C. Validity test
D. Standardized test
B. Aptitude test (Aptitude tests are designed to predict a person's future performance or capacity to learn, distinct from achievement tests that measure current knowledge.)
The Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of congruence in personality development, which refers to the state where a person's ideal self is consistent with their:
A. Self-concept
B. Unconscious drives
C.Id's desires
D. Super-ego's demands
A. Self-concept (real experience of self) (Congruence is a state achieved when our thoughts about our real selves and ideal selves are very similar.
In Raymond Cattell's 16PF Trait Theory, the traits that are directly observable in a person's behavior (like being friendly or being quiet) are called:
A. Cardinal traits
B. Surface traits
C. Source traits
D. Global traits
B. Surface traits
The core problem with intelligence tests used in the early 20th century in the U.S., which often led to the forced sterilization and discriminatory use by the eugenics movement, was a failure in which test evaluation standard?
A. High test-retest reliability
B. Effective standardization procedures
C. Proper norming procedures
D. Validity
D. Validity
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a personality assessment method, presents ambiguous pictures to the test-taker and asks them to tell a story about the image. The TAT is classified as a:
A. Personality inventory
B. Direct observation method
C. Projective test
D. Behavioral assessment
C. Projective test (Projective tests, like the TAT and Rorschach, aim to reveal unconscious desires, fears, and conflicts through the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli.)
A mathematics achievement test is administered to students, and researchers find that the scores on the test accurately predict the students' grades in their college-level math courses. This suggests the test has high:
A. Reliability
B. Standardization
C. Validity
D. Norming
C. Validity (Validity is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.)
A child who has difficulty with reading, struggles with accurate word recognition, and has poor decoding abilities, despite having an average or above-average overall IQ, is most likely suffering from:
A. Dyscalculia
B. Dysgraphia
C. Intellectual Disability
D. Dyslexia
D. Dyslexia
The superego functions primarily by operating on the moral principle, leading to feelings of:
A. Pleasure when desires are met, pain when unmet.
B. Rational problem solving.
C. Pride when moral rules are followed, and guilt/anxiety when broken.
D. Unconscious denial of reality.
C. Pride when moral rules are followed, and guilt/anxiety when broken.
The core definition of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), as originally formulated by Lewis Terman for the Stanford-Binet test, is:
A. The amount of crystallized intelligence an individual possesses.
B. Mental Age divided by Chronological Age, multiplied by 100
C. The standard deviation score on the WAIS-IV.
D. The difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence.
B. Mental Age divided by Chronological Age, multiplied by 100
On the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the component that specifically measures a person's capacity to temporarily hold and manipulate information in their mind to complete a task (like repeating a sequence of numbers backwards) is known as:
A. Verbal comprehension
B. Perceptual reasoning
C. Cognitive processing speed
D. Working memory
Working memory (Working memory is one of the four main index scores on the WAIS, measuring the mental manipulation of information.)
According to Freud, the erogenous zones—areas of the body that are focus of pleasure—shift during development, and a strong conflict or overwhelming gratification at any stage can lead to a condition of being "stuck" in the stage, known as:
A. Identification
B. Displacement
C. Oedipal Complex
D. Fixation
D. Fixation
The stage of psychosexual development that occurs roughly between the ages of 6 and puberty, during which sexual interests are repressed and social and intellectual development takes precedence, is the:
A. Latency stage
B. Phallic stage
C. Genital stage
D. Oral stage
A. Latency stage
The idea proposed by Franz Gall that personality characteristics could be determined by measuring the bumps and indentations on the skull is known as:
A. Humors theory
B. Phrenology
C. Somatotype theory
D. Typology theory
B. Phrenology
According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, during the phallic stage, the primary way a child resolves the Oedipal or Electra conflict is through the defense mechanism of:
A. Repression
B. Identification
C. Rationalization
D. Displacement
B. Identification. (Children cope with threatening feelings by repressing them and identifying with the rival parent, thereby taking on that parent's characteristics.)
Cognitive psychologists note that memory and emotions play a significant role as "influences on thoughts and behavior" primarily because they:
A. Define the difference between natural and artificial concepts
. B. Are separate from the conscious and unconscious mind.
C. Affect the filtering, processing, and retrieval of information, thereby shaping judgment and decision-making.
D. Are solely responsible for creating mental sets and functional fixedness.
C. Affect the filtering, processing, and retrieval of information, thereby shaping judgment and decision-making.(Memory provides the content, and emotions bias the process of cognition.)
A university student holds the belief that all librarians are quiet, introverted, and enjoy reading science fiction. When this student meets a new classmate who mentions working part-time at the campus library, the student automatically attributes these traits to the classmate and is unconsciously surprised when the classmate shows up at a loud party. This scenario best illustrates the influence of a(n):
A. Event Schema
B. Role Schema
C. Natural Concept Prototype
D. Functional Fixedness Heuristic
B. Role Schema (Stereotype)
Which personality assessment method is a type of personality inventory (a self-report questionnaire) consisting of hundreds of true/false or agree/disagree items, often used to assess abnormal behavior and personality disorders?
A. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
B. Rorschach Inkblot Test
C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
D. Direct observation
C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) (The MMPI is the most widely used and researched empirical personality inventory, focusing on clinical scales.)
The early theory of personality proposed by Galen suggested that a person's temperament and disposition were determined by the balance of four fundamental bodily fluids, or humors, a concept that built upon the ideas of Hippocrates. This perspective is considered a:
A. Biological theory (Humorism)
B. Psychoanalytic theory
C. Trait theory
D. Humanistic theory
A. Biological theory (Humorism) (Galen's work on the four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile) is a historical example of a biological explanation for temperament.)
A test is considered to have high Test-Retest Reliability if:
A. It accurately predicts a student's future performance in a course.
B. Scores remain relatively consistent when the same person takes the test on two different occasions.
C. The questions on the test are clearly related to the intended construct.
D. It measures what it claims to measure.
B. Scores remain relatively consistent when the same person takes the test on two different occasions.