Renal A&P
The renal corpuscle is located within which region of the kidney?
Renal cortex
The thirst center of the brain is located in the
Hypothalamus
What force drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries?
Hydrostatic pressure
Which are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor)
Which GI structure is not part of the GI tract?
Liver
Most tubular reabsorption occurs in which part of the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule (many microvilli)
What is the most abundant anion in extracellular fluid?
: Chloride
Primary lymphoid structures include which organs?
Red bone marrow and thymus
A delayed response to a specific antigen is called
Adaptive immunity
The initial site of mechanical and chemical digestion is the
Oral cavity
What are some functions of the kidneys?
Fluid & Mineral Balance: Maintain healthy levels of water, sodium, potassium, and calcium in the body.
Blood Pressure Regulation: Produce hormones that help control blood pressure.
Red Blood Cell Production: Release erythropoietin, a hormone needed to make red blood cells.
During dehydration, blood plasma becomes hypotonic relative to the body’s cells. True or False?
False
Lymph resembles which body fluid most closely?
Interstitial fluid
A fever ______ bacteria reproduction and ______ CAMs
Inhibits; increases
Peristalsis is defined as
Alternating muscle contractions that propel contents forward
Which nerves provide autonomic innervation to the kidney
CN X and sympathetic nerves from T10–T12
The most abundant intracellular cation is
Potassium
Put lymphatic structures in order from smallest → largest diameter.
Capillaries → vessels → trunks → ducts
“Mad cow disease” is caused by a
Prion
Which tissue type lines most of the GI tract (for absorption/secretion)?
Simple columnar epithelium
Which is the correct order of kidney protective layers from inner to outer?
Fibrous capsule → perinephric fat → renal fascia → paranephric fat
Extreme hypotonic hydration can cause what effect on brain cells?
Swelling
Which route correctly traces lymph from the right leg to bloodstream?
Right lumbar trunk → cisterna chyli → thoracic duct → left subclavian vein
Fungi are best described as
Eukaryotic cells with a cell wall
Secretin is secreted by the
Small intestine