HIV
These immune cells, targeted by HIV, coordinate and activate both humoral and cell‑mediated immune responses.
What are CD4+ T cells?
This type of lymphoma is defined by the presence of Reed–Sternberg cells.
What is Hodgkin lymphoma?
This plasma protein is required for platelet adhesion and leaks into injured tissue during vessel damage.
von Willebrand factor
This type of immunity is rapid, nonspecific, and uses defenses such as phagocytes and NK cells.
What is innate immunity?
This phase involves a high viral load, a drop in CD4+ count above 500, and flu‑like symptoms that appear about one month after exposure.
What is the primary (acute) phase of HIV infection?
This dangerous condition in acute leukemia occurs when extremely high blast counts increase blood viscosity, risking pulmonary or cerebral vessel obstruction.
What is leukostasis?
This type of anemia is typically normocytic and normochromic and involves premature destruction of red blood cells.
What is hemolytic anemia?
This CD4+ threshold defines the transition into AIDS and significantly increases the risk of opportunistic infections.
What is fewer than 200 cells/µL?
What is PEP (post‑exposure prophylaxis)?
This 28‑day medication regimen must be started within 72 hours after a potential HIV exposure to prevent infection.
What are the two main characteristics of cancer cells?
abnormal/rapid proliferation and loss of differentiation
This vitamin deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia with neurologic symptoms such as paresthesia and loss of vibration sense.
What is vitamin B12 deficiency?
This potentially life‑threatening complication occurs during chemotherapy due to massive destruction of cancer cells, leading to electrolyte abnormalities and acute renal failure.
What is tumor lysis syndrome?
What are the two diagnostic methods of HIV &
Which one is used more routinely?
The most accurate and inexpensive method for identifying HIV infection is the HIV antibody test.
PCR is also utilized to detect the presence of the virus vs the antibodies. Utilized in diagnosing HIV in infants.
Leukemias are classified according to their predominant cell type. What cells are primarily affected in lymphocytic vs myelogenous leukemias?
The lymphocytic leukemias involve immature lymphocytes and their progenitors that originate in the bone marrow but infiltrate the spleen, lymph nodes, CNS, and other tissues.
The myelogenous leukemias involve the pluripotent myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow and interfere with the maturation of all blood cells, including the granulocytes, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes.
This disorder causes pancytopenia due to failure of pluripotent bone marrow stem cells.
What is aplastic anemia?
grading according to the histologic or cellular characteristics of the tumor and staging according to the clinical spread of the disease.
What is the pathophysiology of HIV?
&
Correlate viral load with CD4+ T cell counts.
The virus attaches to receptors on the CD4+ cell, fuses to and enters the cell, incorporates its RNA into the cell’s DNA, and then uses the CD4+ cell’s DNA to reproduce large amounts of HIV, which are released into the blood.
How does Hodgkin Lymphoma differ from Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?
First, it usually arises in a single node or chain of nodes, whereas NHL frequently originates at extranodal sites and spreads to anatomically contiguous nodes.
Second, HL is characterized by the presence of large, atypical, mononuclear tumor cells, called Reed–Sternberg cells.
What is the pathophysiology behind Sickle Cell Anemia?
The abnormal structure of HbS results from an abnormal substitution of a single amino acid, valine, for glutamic acid.
In sickle cell disease, the HbS becomes sickled when deoxygenated or at a low oxygen tension. The deoxygenated hemoglobin aggregates and polymerizes in the cytoplasm, creating a semisolid gel that changes the shape and deformability of the cell.
What is a normal hemoglobin level in men and women?
Men: 14 - 16.5
Women: 12 - 15