INFLUENZA
A mutation in neuraminidase prevents cleavage of sialic acid.
What is the virus cannot spread to new cells after exiting?
The growth of S. epidermidis on the skin of humans is an example of?
commensalism
The spore cortex is primarily composed of this.
What is modified peptidoglycan?
Proteins that enhance phagocytosis by coating pathogens.
What are opsonins (complement proteins)?
Cells responsible for antibody production.
What are B cells?
A strain of influenza virus has a mutation in hemagglutinin (HA). The virus can no longer bind host receptors.
What is the virus cannot enter host cells?
The production of organic molecules by an autotroph which could feed a carbon-dioxide producing bacterium
cooperation
Bacterial sporulation is best described as this regulatory process.
What is a cascade of sigma factor activation?
Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, lysosomes, complement proteins, inflammation, fever, and physical barriers like skin all belong to this type of immune defense.
What is: the innate immune system?
Helper T cells recognize antigen presented on this molecule.
What is MHC class II?
A neuraminidase mutation prevents Tamiflu binding but enzyme function remains intact.
What is the virus continues a normal life cycle (drug resistance)?
A Streptomyces species produces antibiotics that inhibit nearby bacteria.
What is amensalism?
which of the following is NOT associated with C. difficile?
A. infection by C. difficile spores results in stomach ulcer formation
B. fecal transplants can be used to successfully treat C. difficile infection
C. C. difficile makes two toxins that lead to host cell toxicity
D. C. difficile forms endospores
E. antibiotic treatment is generally needed to initiate a C. difficile infection
A
Lysozyme targets this bond in bacterial cell walls.
What is the bond between NAG and NAM?
Cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis when antigen is presented on this.
What is MHC class I?
An influenza virus lacks RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity.
What is the virus cannot replicate its genome?
the relationship that Bdellovibrio has with other Gram-negative bacteria
What is predation?
Which of the following regarding bacterial spores (endospores) is FALSE?
A. endospores are formed by vegetative cells upon nutrient limitation
B. one copy of the chromosome is in the endospore
C. endospores sense their environment to identify when conditions could support growth
D. endospores are metabolically active
E. endospores are used to certify autoclaves
D
TLRs differ from NLRs in this key way.
What is TLRs detect extracellular PAMPs, NLRs intracellular?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the adaptive immune response?
A. complement
B. antibodies
C. T-cell receptors
D. B-cell receptors
E. major histocompatibility complex I and II
A
Avian influenza infects birds more efficiently than humans due to receptor specificity.
What is hemagglutinin binding to α-2,3 instead of α-2,6 linkages?
Buchnera and aphids are an example of what?
Buchnera and aphids are a example of mutualism (specifically, obligate mutualistic symbiosis).
Transcription stops depending on ribosome activity during amino acid synthesis regulation.
What is transcriptional attenuation?
After phagosome-lysosome fusion, this killing mechanism occurs.
What is production of reactive oxygen species?
Where does MHCI I present antigens and where do MHC I present antigens?
What are immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G an example of?
MHC II presents antigents from the outside and MHC I present antigens from the inside.
Antibodies