CARDIOVASCULAR
The vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
What are arteries?
These chemical messengers travel through the bloodstream to target cells with specific receptors.
What are hormones?
This is the functional unit of muscle contraction, defined as the region between two Z disks.
What is a sarcomere?
Deoxygenated blood are in these two compartments of the heart.
The relaxation phase when chambers fill with blood is called this.
What is diastole?
The contraction phase of the heart cycle is called this.
What is systole?
This gland in the brain acts as the coordination center of the endocrine system and produces releasing factors.
What is the hypothalamus?
This theory explains how thin filaments slide past thick filaments to shorten a muscle fiber.
What is the sliding filament theory?
These type of cells are in the SA node.
This neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to initiate muscle contraction.
What is acetylcholine?
This system helps return interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.
What is the lymphatic system?
This part of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine during short-term stress.
What is the Adrenal Medulla?
This ion binds to troponin, causing a conformational change that exposes myosin-binding sites on actin.
These cells carry oxygen and lack nuclei and mitochondria.
What are erythrocytes (red blood cells)?
This variable represents the amount of blood pumped with each beat.
What is stroke volume?
This node delays the signal so atria contract before ventricles.
What is the AV node?
These hormones target other endocrine glands and are released by the anterior pituitary.
What are tropic hormones!
This structure conducts action potentials deep into the muscle fiber and triggers calcium release from the SR.
What are t-tubulues?
This process links the muscle action potential to the release of calcium and subsequent contraction.
This organelle stores calcium and releases it in response to a muscle action potential.
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
This mechanism states that increased filling of the heart leads to stronger contraction.
What is the Frank-Sterling mechanism?
This class of hormone is lipid-based, can pass the plasma membrane by itself, and goes directly into the nucelus to turn off/on DNA.
What is a steroid hormone?
This protein blocks myosin-binding sites on actin when calcium levels are low.
What is tropomyosin?
Where are oxytocin and ADH hormones released from?
What is the posterior pituitary gland?
This feedback mechanism reduces CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) production when cortisol levels are high.
What is a negative feedback loop?