Entropy
entropy is...
what is the direction energy tends to flow is more “spread out”, or dispersed.
aka chaos, randomness, or disorder
If ΔG<0, the process is said to be this
what is spontaneous?
In a galvanic cell, electrons flow from this electrode to the other.
What is the anode to the cathode?
Doubling a reactant’s concentration doubles the rate. This is the reaction order with respect to that reactant.
What is first order?
This constant, Ksp, describes the equilibrium for this process.
What is dissolution of a sparingly soluble salt?
Adrienne's spawnpoint
what is California?
what does spontaenous mean and when is ΔS spontaneous?
means a process can occur on its own without continuous outside energy input and when it is (+)
At equilibrium, this is the value of ΔG
what is zero?
This equation corrects Ecell∘ for non-standard concentrations.
What is the Nernst equation?
In a consecutive reaction A→B→C, when the intermediate B does not accumulate and the rate-determining step is the first step, this approximation can be used to simplify the kinetics.
What is the steady-state approximation?
Adding a common ion to a saturated solution causes this effect.
What is decreased solubility (common ion effect)?
What is Lauren's favorite piece of fashion to style?
a) top
b) pants
c) hat
d) shoes
what is pants?
Fill in the blank.
The chemist who discovered this scientific concept, Ludwig Boltzmann, has the formula written on his ______________.
What is his tombstone?
A reaction has ΔH=50.0 kJ/mol and ΔS=+0.125 kJ/(mol·K). Above what temperature (in K) will the reaction become non-spontaneous? Use ΔG=ΔH−TΔS
What is less than 400 K?
If Ecell is negative, the reaction is this kind of process.
What is non-spontaneous?
The units of k for a third-order overall reaction are these.
What are M−2 s−1 or L2 mol−2 s−1?
The overall equilibrium constant for complex ion formation is called this.
What is the formation constant, Kf?
Joseph's favorite period in art history
What is italian renaissance?
A 25.0 g sample of liquid water freezes at 0°C (273 K). The molar enthalpy of fusion for water is ΔHfus = 6.01 kJ/mol. Calculate ΔSsystem for this freezing process, in J/K.
mol H₂O = 25.0 g / 18.02 g/mol = 1.39 mol
Freezing is the reverse of melting, so q = −n(ΔHfus) = −(1.39 mol)(6,010 J/mol) = −8,353 J
ΔS = qrev/T = −8,353 J / 273 K = −30.6 J/K
Using ΔG=−RTlnK, compute K when ΔG = -52kJ/mol and T = 273 K
what is 9.1×109?
Balance the following redox reaction in basic conditions and identify which species is being reduced:
MnO4−(aq)+I-(aq) → MnO2(s)+I2(s)
2MnO4−+6I−+4H2O → 2MnO2+3I2+8OH−
what is MnO₄⁻ is reduced?
The rate constant k1 for a certain reaction at 300 K is 2.5×10−3 s−1. The activation energy Ea for the reaction is 75 kJ/mol.
Using the Arrhenius equation, calculate the rate constant k2 at 350 K.
ln(k1/k2)=-Ea /R (1/T1−1/T2)
what is 0.183 s−1?
Lead(II) iodide has Ksp=7.9×10−9 What is the maximum iodide ion concentration possible in a solution where [Pb2+]=2.0×10−3 M?
what is 1.99×10−3M?
The cumulative number of mistakes found on all previous exam IV's.
what is 8?
Consider the freezing of liquid water at –10°C. For this process what are the signs for ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG, respectively?
ΔH ΔS ΔG
A) – – –
B) + – –
C) – + –
D) – + 0
E) + – 0
what is ΔH ΔS ΔG
A) – – –
Using the standard Gibbs free energies of formation below, calculate ΔG° for the combustion of propane gas at 298 K:
Reaction:
C3H8(g)+5 O2(g)→3 CO2(g)+4 H2O(l)
SubstanceΔG°f (kJ·mol⁻¹)
C₃H₈(g) −23.5
O₂(g) 0.0
CO₂(g) −394.4
H₂O(l) −237.1
what is −2,195 kJ·mol⁻¹?
A copper electrode is immersed in a Cu²⁺ solution. When copper metal with a mass of 0.450 g is deposited on the electrode by passing an electric current, calculate the total charge (in coulombs) that passed through the solution.
The standard reduction reaction is:
Cu2++2e−→Cu(s). E∘=+0.34
(Molar mass of Cu = 63.55 g/mol, Faraday’s constant = 96485 C/mol e⁻)
what is Q=1365.4C?
Consider the following proposed mechanism for the reaction:
Step 1 (fast equilibrium):A+B⇌C(k1,k−1)
Step 2 (slow, rate-determining):C+D→E(k2)
Step 1 is a fast reversible equilibrium.
Step 2 is the slow, rate-determining step.
Write the rate law expression for the overall reaction based on the mechanism.
what is rate = (k₁k₂/k₋₁)[A][B][D]?
What is the molar solubility of calcium fluoride, CaF2, in a 0.030 M sodium fluoride solution?
Given: Ksp(CaF2)=3.9×10−11
what is 4.33×10−8 M?
What costume do you think Professor Savizky would wear for Halloween? (I have a picture to prove it)
*Hint* - category is video game
what is Mario?