Energy Metabolism
The powerhouse of the cell, which generates most of the cell's energy through aerobic metabolism, is called the
mitochondria
A BMI less than 18.5 kg/m2 is considered ________, and a BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 is
________.
underweight, normal weight
Easy access to a variety of energy-dense foods and large portions, and lack of physical activity promote
overweight
To achieve optimal fitness, ________ components of physical fitness need to be included in the fitness plan.
all five
What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions?
Catabolic reactions release energy as they break down large molecules into simple structures. Anabolic reactions absorb energy to combine simpler molecules into larger, more complex ones.
Someone who is gaining weight is in (hint: think about energy balance)
positive energy balance
Choosing low-energy-density, high-volume vegetables and fruits, along with lean-protein foods, can help ________ satiety.
increase
The recommended beverage for moderate- or vigorous-intensity exercise lasting more than 60 minutes is
sports drink
Metabolism of glucose to produce pyruvate and two ATP which takes place in all cells is called
glycolysis
The energy expended to keep a resting, awake body alive and to keep vital organs functioning
Basal Metabolic Rate
Explain how hunger is different to appetite
Hunger is a strong physiological need for food, while appetite is a desire for food prompted by factors other than hunger
The ergogenic aid that may decrease perception of effort by stimulating the central nervous system and improve endurance performance by sparing glycogen stores and increasing fatty-acid utilization during exercise is
caffeine
Carbohydrates are first used for ATP synthesis, and excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen or triglycerides in ________ tissue.
adipose
Describe the main difference between persons who have an apple and a pear shape.
Persons who have an apple shape usually deposit fat in the abdomen, and they are usually men. Abdominal fat confers a higher cardiovascular risk. A pear shape is usually found in women and they typically have a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Persons who have a pear shape tend to deposit fat below the waist.
What is the recommended rate of weight loss for overweight persons?
Overweight individuals should aim to lose about 10 percent of their body weight over a 6-month period.
Which foods should be avoided prior to exercise?
High-fat foods and fruit juice
What are the potential consequences of prolonged fasting?
Fasting leads to ketogenesis, which if prolonged results in ketoacidosis–an excessive level of ketones in the blood. This may lead to coma and even death.
Name 3 ways to measure body composition
Underwater Weighing (hydrostatic weighing), Air Displacement Plethysmography (BodPod), Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, Skinfold Calipers
How does gastric bypass work?
In gastric bypass surgery, much of the stomach is closed off and a small pouch is left that can hold about 1/4 cup of food at a time. The pouch is reattached to the jejunum, bypassing the duodenum.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of creatine?
Creatine improves performance during high-intensity, short-duration exercise and increases muscle strength and muscle mass, but causes water retention and at high doses may negatively affect liver and kidney function.