Eyewitness Identification
This is the primary way the Innocence Project exonerates people who were wrongfully convicted.
What is post-conviction DNA testing?
Jurors engage in _____ when filtering case evidence through their own experiences, expectations, values and beliefs.
What is top-down processing?
The belief that innocent individuals assume their innocence will be obvious to others.
What is the phenomenology of innocence?
Any cue that lineup administrators provide to witnesses after they make their identification that appears to convey information about accuracy.
What is post-identification feedback?
The plaintiff in a civil lawsuit is suing the defendant for $1.4 billion in psychological damages due to an unsafe workplace. Although the jury knows that $1.4 billion is an outrageous figure, the settlement they agree upon after finding the defendant responsible was still $650k. ______ phenomenon is most likely responsible for this high settlement.
What is the anchoring (heuristic) or the anchoring and adjustment (heuristic)?
A legal philosophy that interprets the Constitution based on its original meaning versus one that allows for evolving interpretation.
What are constitutional originalism and constitutional pragmatism (or realism, respectively)?
The errors that can occur in target-present and target-absent lineups.
What are a miss and a filler identification in target-present lineups, and a suspect or filler identification in target-absent lineups?
These are the nationwide requirements to be a juror in the United States.
What is U.S. citizenship, an age of 18 years (sometimes 21), and basic literacy (sometimes there are other residency requirements)?
The three types of guilty pleas accepted in the U.S.
What are standard/traditional, nolo contendere, Alford?
List two examples of a system variable and two examples of an estimator variable.
What are the lineup format/instructions, expert witnesses, interview protocols for system variables and witness conditions, juror biases, defendant/witness characteristics for estimator variables?
_____-_____ juries take an early vote and then structure the discussion around available verdict options, seeking to identify the option that is most acceptable to jurors. ____- ____ juries spend time evaluating the evidence and attempting to discern the ‘truth’ from conflicting facts.
What is verdict-driven and evidence-driven (respectively)?
This is the proportion of people generally susceptible to the false memory implantation method in research studies (such that they will provide details of the false event as if it were real).
What is 15 to 25%?
Three objectives of the pre-lineup interview.
What is documenting descriptions of the culprit and witness conditions, noting prior familiarity, warning against co-witness discussions and self-investigations?
These are three evidence-based jury-centered reforms.
What are providing (simplified) preliminary jury instructions, allowing jurors to take notes and ask questions, providing mid-trial summaries, and debriefing jurors who serve on difficult/stressful cases?
Three advantages of the filler-control method in forensic decision-making.
What are: 1) it could be applied to any forensic techniques meant to make a match-to-sample judgment (e.g., handwriting, fingerprint, ballistics), 2) addresses contextual (forensic confirmation) bias, 3) reveals error rates for forensic techniques, labs, and analysts (by providing the possibility of false positives), 4) unveils bogus sciences and incompetent analysts quickly, provides calibration information to analysts and labs