Exam 4 Review

Drugs & Addiction

100

Drugs in this class affect many neurotransmitter systems and typically increase neural firing.

Stimulants

200

When a post-synaptic neuron changes its “responsiveness” to a drug it decreases how many __________ it has; this process is called ______________.

Protein receptors and down-regulation

300

Most commonly abused drugs affect neurotransmitter systems by increasing the amount of NTs in the synapse; they fit into two classes: _______ and ________.

Receptor agonists (antagonists) and uptake inhibitors

400

Opiates can cause both decreased sensation and decreased perception, meaning they can affect both _______ neurons and _________ neurons.

Sensory and CNS

500

A coffee drinker who needs more coffee to wake up in the morning than she used to and gets a headache if she doesn’t drink has developed a(n) _______ and ________ for caffeine, but not a(n) ______.

Tolerance and dependence, but not addiction

Psychopathology

100

The goals of the _______ are to diagnose mental disorders using clear definitions that include all cases and exclude all non-cases.

Diagnostic & Statistical Manual

200

A very effective treatment for psychopathological problems is _______; however it isn’t normally used as a first choice treatment due to risk of permanent long-term memory impairment.

Electroconvulsive shock therapy

300

Most cases of psychopathology are believed to involve dysfunction in the _______, which is influenced by many nervous system structures (______.... name a few).

frontal lobe; other lobes, hypo, pineal gland, pituitary gland, limbic system, basal ganglia, endocrine system

400

Investigations of patients with damage to the _____ and the ______ has led to the theory that emotional expressions are both _______ and _______.

motor cortex, limbic system, voluntary, involuntary

500

The ________ model theorizes that individuals are more or less likely to have a mental disorder based on an interaction between their biological or experiential predispositions and environmental stressors.

vulnerability-stress model (theory discussed in lecture; term is directly from the text)

Anxiety Disorders

100

Anxiety is distinguishable from _____ because it is an inappropriate response that disrupts daily functioning.

fear

200

90% of patients with anxiety are co-morbid with _______.

depression

300

While there are multiple theories about the etiology of anxiety, two are that patients with anxiety have overactivation of _______ & ______ or under-activation of _____.

serotonin & norepinephrine; GABA

400

Two types of _____ receptor agonists used to treat anxiety are _______ and ______.

GABA; barbiturates & benzodiazepines

Now YOU be the psychiatrist

100

Eric has been taking anti-depressants for several months and his depression symptoms have not been relieved; he has attempted suicide three times in the past month, and his close friends and family are extremely worried he might try again soon. What procedure might be your next step?

electroconvulsive shock therapy

200

How might soldiers returning from WWII in 1945 have been differently treated for PTSD than soldiers returning from the Middle East today?

1945: barbiturates Today: benzodiazepines/NE antagonists/SRIs

300

Don has been smoking for over three years; every day he takes several smoke breaks with his co-workers behind the store where he works. What advice would you give Don to help him quit?

drug that reduces craving; change environment

400

Herman has been taking Valium (a benzodiazepine) for three days, and comes to you complaining of feeling sedated and uncoordinated. What would you say to encourage him to keep taking his medication?

Symptoms such as unwanted sedation, impaired coordination, and slow reflexes are common when first taking Valium, but he should develop a tolerance to them after 6-8 weeks

500

Marco has a severe heart condition and has been experiencing symptoms of anxiety for several months. What anxiolytic would you prescribe?

Serotonin reuptake inhibitor (GABA agonists and NE antagonists could affect the heart by altering the autonomic nervous system); he should also participate in some form of therapy