ANS (1)
ANS (2)
Special Senses (Pt. 1)
Special Senses (Pt. 2)
Structures
100

What 2 main hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

100

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons exit the brain stem via which cranial nerves?

III, VII, IX, and X

( 3, 7, 9, and 10 ) 

Oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

100

What chemical(s) is involved in the perception of...

a. Salty 

b. Umami

c. Bitter

d. Sweet

e. Sour

a. Salty - mineral salts, mainly sodium and chloride

b. Umami - glutamate or other amino acids

c. Bitter - alkaloids

d. Sweet - simple sugars like glucose, fructose

e. Sour - acids which release hydrogen ions

100

What kind of receptors are specific to the senses of smell and taste?

For an extra 100 points each: Name the receptor type for the other 3 special senses.

Chemoreceptors (photoreceptors for vision and mechanoreceptors for balance and hearing)

100

What is this area? (inner area)

For an extra 100 points: what liquid nourishes this structure?

Anterior chamber, filled with Aqueous humor

200

The brain stem is responsible for the autonomic reflexes of _______.       ( List 3 )

Respiration, Heart Rate, Blood pressure

Regulates pupil size, salivation

200

Name the neurotransmitter(s) released at:

1. preganglionic sympathetic neurons

2. postganglionic sympathetic neurons

3. preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

4. postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

5. somatic motor neurons

1. acetylcholine

2. Acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

3. acetylcholine

4. acetylcholine

5. acetylcholine

200

What is the name of this area? What fluid does it contain?

Scala Vestibuli - contains perilymph, which is high in SODIUM and low in potassium

200

List the three types of visual acuity, the shape of the eyeball, and the lens (if required) for correction.

Emmetropia/normal vision, normal eyeball; Hyperopia/farsightedness, shortened eyeball, convex lens; 

Myopia/nearsightedness, elongated eyeball, concave lens

200

What is the name of the structure highlighted?

For an extra 100 points: What specific cells are found in this structure?

Olfactory Bulb (has mitral cells in it!)

300

What effect would the sympathetic division have on...


a. Salivary glands

b. Pupils

c. Heart rate

d. Liver

e. GI tract

a. Inhibitory (decrease secretions = dry mouth)

b. Relaxation of smooth muscle (pupils dilate)

c. Excitatory (increase heart rate)

d. Increases blood glucose by increasing glycogenesis (for cells to use for ATP)

e. Inhibitory (Slows contractions, food moves more slowly)

300

The sweat reflex is what type of reflex?

For an extra 100 points: If a person's sweat glands decrease their activity, what division(s) of the nervous system would cause this?

Autonomic reflex (any activity of the sweat glands is controlled by the by the sympathetic nervous system)

300

What is the name of the liquid that fills the posterior chamber?

For an extra 100 points: what is a function of this liquid?

Vitreous Humor (maintains infraorbital pressure/shape of eye and allows light to pass through the retina)

300

If ionized chemicals bonded to gustatory cells, what basic taste would the person perceive?

Salty

300

What is this? (them together)

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

400

When norepinephrine binds to alpha 1 receptors on smooth muscle of blood vessels, what is the effect? What variable in the body changes as a result?

Vasoconstriction; increase in blood pressure

400

A neurotransmitter that binds to a nicotinic receptor is always _________

a. Stimulatory, norepinephrine

b. Stimulatory, epinephrine

c. Inhibitory, norepinephrine

d. Stimulatory, acetylcholine

e. Inhibitory, acetylcholine

d. Stimulatory, acetylcholine

400

The highlighted structure is a portion of what?

Conjunctiva

400

Which structure connects the ciliary body to the lens and allows for accommodation?

Suspensory ligaments


400

What is this and what specific receptors are found here?


Fovea centralis (contains only cones!)

500

An increase in Glycogenolysis and Lipolysis would be caused by what division?

Sympathetic division

- stimulates adrenal medulla, which releases epinephrine/norepinephrine: causes glycogen to break down into glucose and fatty acids to be released from adipocytes = more ATP for cells

500

Explain how beta-blocker drugs work & which types of patients would be prescribed these medications.

Beta-blocker drugs will block type 1 beta-adrenergic receptors on the heart in order to inhibit fight or flight/sympathetic effects of adrenaline (epinephrine). 

Patients with irregular heart rates, hypertension, anxiety or other conditions may be prescribed these drugs in order to keep the heart rate from getting too high when under stress.

500

Describe the pathway of sound, saying each of the structures that play into it. 

(From start to where sound transduction would occur)

Auricle → External auditory canal → Tympanic membrane → malleus → incus → stapes → oval window → cochlea → organ of corti → hair cells

500

In the dark, rod cells are _________ and bipolar cells _____ release neurotransmitters to stimulate the retinal ganglion cells.

a. Depolarized; do

b. Depolarized; do not

c. Hyperpolarized; do

d. Hyperpolarized; do not

b. Depolarized; do not

500

What is this?

Olfactory epithelium

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