Vision
The optic disc
a. Contains no cones, but many rods
b. Contains no photoreceptors
c. Is the part of the eye with highest visual acuity
d. Is the space for the olfactory nerve to exit the eye
e. Contains no rods, but many cones
b. Contains no photoreceptors
To hear, sound waves are first converted into vibrations, which are then converted to electrical signals, which are then converted to chemical signals. Which of the following structures are most responsible for triggering chemical signals?
a. Ossicles
b. Stereocilia
c. Otoliths
d. Tympanic membrane
e. Semicircular canals
b. Stereocilia
Taste cells
a. Are found only on the tongue
b. Extend through tiny openings called taste buds
c. Have no axons but release neurotransmitters when stimulated
d. Have axons that extend directly to the taste area of the cerebral cortex
c. Have no axons but release neurotransmitters when stimulated
The best explanation for referred pain is that
a. The nerves are overstimulated
b. It is a result of poor blood flow to the affected area
c. The nerves responsible are shared between visceral and somatic pathways
d. The nerves are damaged by the underlying cause of the pain
e. It is caused by misfiring due to a neurological disorder
c. The nerves responsible are shared between visceral and somatic pathways
Baroreceptors are receptors that detect
a. Position of the body
b. Touch, pressure, and vibration
c. Temperature changes
d. Pressure changes in blood vessels and organs
e. Pain
d. Pressure changes in blood vessels and organs
Rods cells are...
a. Photoreceptors involved in scotopic vision, most concentrated in the periphery of the retina
b. Photoreceptors involved in color vision, most concentrated in the fovea centralis
c. Photoreceptors involved in scotopic vision, most concentrated in the fovea centralis
d. Bipolar cells, not involved in vision but rather connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells
e. Ganglion cells
a. Photoreceptors involved in scotopic vision, most concentrated in the periphery of the retina
Receptors for hearing are located in the
a. Organ of Corti
b. Semicircular canals
c. Tympanic membrane
d. Vestibule
e. Malleus
a. Organ of Corti
Which of these chemicals is incorrectly matched to the taste it would provide?
a. Sour - hydrogen ions
b. Sweet - simple sugars
c. Umami - amino acids
d. Salty - phosphate ions
e. Bitter - nitrogen compounds
d. Salty - phosphate ions
The baroreceptor reflex is a negative feedback loop that helps regulate blood pressure by sending impulses to the brain when blood pressure increases. Which of the following is a primary response to this increased baroreceptor input?
a. Increased heart rate
b. Increased cardiac contractility
c. Vasoconstriction
d. Decreased sympathetic activity
e. Increased renin release
d. Decreased sympathetic activity
Nociceptors are present in all tissues except
a. The lungs
b. The brain
c. The liver
d. Skeletal muscle
e. Cardiac muscle
b. The brain
Clear vision requires that light rays are focused on the retina, not behind or in front of it. When light rays focus in front of the retina, this is referred to as ______ and can be corrected with a _______
a. Myopia; convex lens
b. Myopia; concave lens
c. Hyperopia; convex lens
d. Hyperopia; concave lens
e. Presbyopia; bifocal lens
b. Myopia; concave lens
The organs of static equilibrium are located within _____ and employ shifting _____ to set up nerve impulses
a. Semicircular canals; gelatinous material
b. Vestibule; otoliths
c. Cochlea; fluid
d. Vestibule; crista ampullaris
b. Vestibule ; otoliths
Which of these statements is not true with respect to olfaction?
a. Olfactory sensation is relayed directly to the cerebral cortex without passing through the thalamus
b. Olfactory neurons are replaced every 2 months
c. The olfactory cortex is involved in the conscious perception of smell
d. The secondary olfactory areas are responsible for visceral and emotional reactions to odors
e. The olfactory cortex is in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
e. The olfactory cortex is in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
Which of these drugs could be used to treat the physical symptoms of anxiety? (Hint; this would be an off-label use)
a. Atropine
b. Nicotine
c. Propranolol
d. Albuterol
e. Epinephrine
c. Propranolol
Heart pain felt in the shoulder and arm is termed
a. Surface pain
b. Referred pain
c. General pain
d. Applied pain
e. Inverted pain
b. Referred pain
Contraction of the smooth muscle in the ciliary body causes the
a. Lens to flatten
b. Pupil to constrict
c. Lens to become more spherical
d. Pupil to dilate
c. Lens to become more spherical
Sounds are interpreted in the brain in the
a. Midbrain
b. Temporal lobe
c. Medulla oblongata
d. Thalamus
e. Parietal lobe
b. Temporal lobe
Olfactory nerves pass from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulbs through this structure
a. External auditory meatus
b. Cribriform plate
c. Nasolacrimal duct
d. Mastoid sinus
e. Olfactory tract
b. Cribriform plate
Which of the following neurotransmitter is incorrectly matched to its receptor and outcome?
a. Nicotinic; acetylcholine; excitatory
b. Beta adrenergic; norepinephrine; inhibitory
c. Alpha adrenergic; norepinephrine; excitatory
d. Muscarinic; norepinephrine; mostly inhibitory
e. Cholinergic; acetylcholine; inhibitory or excitatory
d. Muscarinic; norepinephrine; mostly inhibitory
The term tonic receptors means that they
a. Display little adaption to prolonged stimulus
b. Quickly return to the baseline value and are able to ignore a stimulus that remains present
c. Have large receptive fields
d. Are dynamic and respond to a wide range of stimulation, including mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli
a. Display little adaption to prolonged stimulus
When photoreceptor cells are exposed to light
a. Less Na+ enters the cell; the amount of glutamate released from the presynaptic terminal decreases
b. Na+ flows into the cell; glutamate is released from presynaptic terminal
c. Glutamate flows into the photoreceptor, causing it to open Na+ channels and stimulate bipolar cells
d. Glutamate flows into the photoreceptor cell, causing it to hyperpolarize (inhibit) bipolar cells
a. Less Na+ enters the cell; the amount of glutamate released from the presynaptic terminal decreases
Which of the following statements about sound is false?
a. The structure that separates the external ear from the middle ear is the tympanic membrane
b. Sound waves are also referred to as pressure waves, which travel through the air
c. The stapes is the structure that transforms sound waves into electrical signals
d. The auditory ossicles transmit vibrations from the external ear to the oval window
e. When hair cells bend, they cause channels to open and release neurotransmitters
c. The stapes is the structure that transforms sound waves into electrical signals
Olfactory cells and taste buds are stimulated by
a. Substances in solution
b. Stretching of the receptor cells
c. The movement of otoliths
d. Movement of a cupula
a. Substances in solution
The sympathetic division has ganglia that suspend very close to the spinal cord. A direct result of this is that
a. The effects of the sympathetic division are widespread
b. The conduction is slower than that of the parasympathetic division
c. The postganglionic fibers are long while the preganglionic fibers are short
d. The preganglionic fibers are lightly myelinated while the postganglionic fibers are nonmyelinated
e. The preganglionic fibers always release ACh
c. The postganglionic fibers are long while the preganglionic fibers are short
Light touch to the skin is sensed by
a. Pacinian corpuscles
b. Meissners corpuscles
c. Nociceptors
d. Proprioceptors
e. Ruffini endings
b. Meissners corpuscles