Microbial Control
What physical agent is not effective for controlling microbial growth?
Hydrogen peroxide (chemical, not physical)
What molecule stores energy in cells?
ATP
What is a gene?
A specific DNA segment that codes for a functional product
What type of organism requires organic nutrients it cannot synthesize?
Growth factor
What is the use of an organism’s biochemical processes to create a product called?
Biotechnology
What is the minimum autoclave setting to sterilize instruments?
121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes
Glycolysis is an example of which type of metabolic pathway?
Linear
A permanent change in DNA sequence is called what?
Mutation
What compound has the highest concentration in a cell?
H₂O (Water)
True/False: It is now possible to quickly map genomes.
True
What is the difference between disinfection and sterilization?
Sterilization destroys all microbes including endospores; disinfection reduces or eliminates pathogens on inanimate surfaces.
Which reactions build macromolecules using energy?
Anabolism
During replication, what does the DNA strand act as?
A template
What term describes organisms that feed on dead material?
Saprobes
What technique is used to create insulin in bacteria?
Recombinant DNA technology
Which form of microbial life is the most resistant to control methods?
Bacterial endospores
What is the starting point of the Krebs cycle?
The formation of citric acid from oxaloacetate and an acetyl group
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
One phosphate, one sugar, one nitrogenous base
In prokaryotes, where is the electron transport chain located?
Cell membrane
What do pharmacogenomics study?
How genetic variation affects drug response
Which common disinfectant works by inactivating proteins?
Heavy metals (e.g., silver, mercury)
What do enzymes do to the activation energy of a reaction?
Lower it
What’s the anticodon for the codon GCA (for alanine)?
CGU
What type of DNA do microorganisms have?
Chromosomal, plasmid, mitochondrial, chloroplast (depends on type)
What type of DNA map provides the most detail?
Sequence map