Muscles and Innervations
What muscle elevates and retracts the mandible?
Temporalis (CN V3)
Which nerve carries taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Chorda tympani (CN VII)
The infratemporal fossa is located deep to which structure?
Ramus of the mandible
Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and balance?
CN VIII
Damage to CN VII results in paralysis of facial muscles known as what condition?
Bells Palsy
Which muscle tenses the soft palate and what innervated it?
Tensor veli palatini, CN V3
The auriculotemporal nerve provides sensory fibers to which gland and region?
Parotid gland, TMJ, and temporal region
What structure passes through the pterygopalatine fossa to supply the hard palate?
Greater palatine nerve and artery
What structure drains into the inferior nasal meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct (tears)
Which type of deafness is caused by middle ear infection?
Conductive deafness
The stylopharyngeus muscle is the only pharyngeal muscle innervated by which cranial nerve?
CN IX- Glossopharyngeal
Through which foramina do the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull?
V1 SOF, V2 Foramen Rotundum, V3 Foramen Ovale
Name the contents of the infratemporal fossa.
Pterygoid muscles, maxillary artery & branches, pterygoid plexus, CN V3 branches, chorda tympani, otic ganglion
What type of fluid fills the membranous labyrinth?
Endolymph
What causes pain in the TMJ and ear during parotid swelling?
Tight parotid sheath + shared auriculotemporal nerve innervation
Which tongue muscle is innervated by CN X instead of CN XII?
Palatoglossus
What are the afferent and efferent limbs of the gag reflex?
Afferent: CN IX (glossopharyngeal); Efferent: CN X (vagus)
What structure passes through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III, IV, V1, VI, and superior ophthalmic vein
What muscles control pupil constriction and dilation, and what innervates each?
Sphincter pupillae (CN III, parasympathetic); Dilator pupillae (sympathetic)
What happens during TMJ dislocation?
Mandibular condyle passes anterior to the articular tubercle; mouth remains open
Describe the coordinated muscle action during the second stage of swallowing
Soft palate elevates (levator veli palatini), larynx elevates (suprahyoids), pharyngeal constrictors contract to move bolus downward
What nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion, and what functions do its postganglionic fibers control?
Greater petrosal nerve (CN VII); controls lacrimal, nasal, and palatine gland secretion
Name the bones forming the boundaries of the orbit (at least 4 of 7)
Frontal, Zygomatic, Maxilla, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Lacrimal, Palatine
Where is the fovea centralis located, and what is its function?
Center of the macula lutea; provides highest visual acuity and color vision
What are the two reflexes that test CN V and VII, and CN IX and X, respectively?
Corneal reflex (V & VII) and Gag reflex (IX & X)