Chapter 15
Where is lysozyme found in the body? What does it do?
Tears, Saliva
Breaks down peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.
Where do B cells and T cell mature?
Bone marrow, Thymus
How are hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity different?
Hyper is an overreaction of the immune system
Hypo is an underreaction of the immune system
What type of sensitivity do organ transplants belong to?
type 4
What is primary and secondary immunodeficiency?
Primary immunodeficiency diseases are present at birth and usually stem from genetic errors
Secondary immunodeficiency diseases are acquired after birth and are due to agents such as infections, irradiation, or steroids.
What is the first line of defense and what does it do?
Blocks invasion of microbes into the body.
Ex. Skin, nose hairs, sweat, urine, etc.
What does the third line of defense include?
Acquired specific immunity:
Product of B and T lymphocytes
What are the 4 main categories of allergies?
•Ingestant – food, drugs
•Contactant – dyes, solvent
•Inhalant – pollen, dust, spores
•Injectant –bee stings
What type of cells are involved in autoimmunity
autoantibodies and Tcells
In multiple sclerosis, autoantibodies attack what part of the body?
myelin sheath cells of the nervous system.
What are the two main parts of the 2nd line of defense?
Inflammation and phagocytosis
How is an epitope and hapten different?
Epitope: portion of the antigen molecule recognized and responded to by a lymphocyte
Haptens: Too small by themselves to elicit an immune response
How does epinephrine work?
•Reverses constriction of airways
•Slows the release of allergic mediators
•Has a short half-life – more than one dose may be required
What can happen if a mother is rh- and the baby is rh +?
Rh negative mother will have the possibility of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to her blood cells attacking the baby’s
What are the autoimmune disorders discussed in chapter 17?
MS
Myasthenia gravis
Graves disease
Type 1 Diabetes
Rheumatoid arthritis
What is hematopoiesis? Where does it occur in the body during different stages of development?
Production of all blood cells, platelets, etc.
Yolk sac - embryonic development
Taken over by the liver and lymphoid organs
Permanently by the red bone marrow
What are alloantigens and superantigens?
Alloantigens - Proteins and other molecules of one person that are antigenic (act as antigens) to another. EX Blood typing
Super antigens - Activate T cells at a rate 100 times greater than ordinary antigens, Can result in an overwhelming release of cytokines and cell death. EX toxic shock syndrome.
What type of hypersensitivity is blood typing?
Type 2
What is Digeorge Syndrome and SCIDS?
Digeorge - thymus does not develop, loss of cell mediated immunity
SCIDS - Very deadly, B cells and T cells do not develop
What is immunopathology?
The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system.
List three things a healthy immune system is responsible for?
•Surveillance of the body
•Recognition of foreign material
•Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
What are the three main functional types of T cells and what is their function?
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What are the three main functional types of T cells and what is their function?
Helper T cells: activate macrophages, assist B-cell processes, and help activate cytotoxic T cells
Regulatory T cells: control the T-cell response
Cytotoxic T cells: lead to the destruction of infected host cells and other “foreign” cells
Why is type O blood the universal donor?
Why is type AB blood the universal recipient?
O- They do not have antigens on their surface.
AB - They do not have antibodies on their surface
What are the types of grafts possible?
Autograft:Tissue transplanted from one site on an individual’s body to another site on his or her body
•Isograft: Tissue from an identical twin is used
•Allografts: Exchanges between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species
•Xenograft: Tissue exchange between individuals of different species
What is an opportunistic infection?
Effects people with a weakened immune system.