Muscles
What is the smallest functional unit of muscle contraction?
The sarcomere.
What gene is mutated in over 50% of major cancers?
The p53 gene.
What is the name of the space in between the pre-synaptic cleft and motor end plate?
Synapse.
Which gland releases growth hormone (GH)?
The anterior pituitary gland.
What is the primary taste associated with glutamate?
Umami.
Which ion is required for muscle contraction by binding to troponin?
Calcium (Ca2+).
Which autoimmune disease weakens joints, especially in the wrists?
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Which ion primarily enters the cell during depolarization?
Sodium (Na+).
ADH is inhibited by what two commonly consumed chemicals?
Caffeine and alcohol (ethanol).
What is the most common fracture type in children?
Greenstick fracture.
During contraction, which muscle band shortens?
The I band and H zone.
What causes gout?
Uric acid crystal buildup in joints.
What is the name of the receptor that binds Ach at the motor end plate?
Nicotinic Ach receptor; Ligand gated receptor/channel.
Steroid hormones are derived from what molecule?
Cholesterol.
What is an osteophyte?
A bone spur or outgrowth.
What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?
Acetylcholinesterase.
What is muscular dystrophy?
A genetic disorder causing muscle wasting.
What does the Na+/K+ ATPase pump do?
Peptide hormones bind to what type of receptor?
Membrane-bound receptors.
What is the connective tissue layer that separates muscles?
Fascia.
Name a country that is an example of Founder’s effect for skeletal muscle and the predominant skeletal muscle type found in that population.
Jamaica- Type 2b or Kenya- Type 1b.
What virus triggers interferon production and body aches?
Viral infections such as influenza or COVID-19.
What class of drugs extends the refractory period in action potentials?
Narcotics (opiates).
What does cortisol do during stress (3)?
Increases blood glucose and suppresses inflammation and the immune system.
What is the function of satellite stem cells?
Repair and grow muscle tissue after exercise.