Leukocyte Trafficking
True or False: Neutrophils can re-enter the bloodstream after leaving for a site on infection.
False
What is the clinical outcome of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?
What is higher susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections; life expectancy ~24 months
What is the target of the monoclonal antibody Rituximab?
What is CD20?
What receptor on the surface of mast cells crosslinks to cause degranulation?
What is FCεR1?
What are chemicals used in vaccine formulations for the purpose of enhancing the immune response?
What are adjuvants?
This assay was used to determine cell surface markers in order to categorize cell type.
flow cytometry
This type of transplant occurs between identical twins.
What is an isograft?
This immune cell is involved with directly killing beta cells in the pancreas for Type I Diabetes.
What are CTLs?
This drug is used to block the alpha-4 integrin. It works by blocking this specific stage of Leukocyte trafficking.
What is Natalizumab and Adhesion?
Describe the immunobiology of X-linked Agammaglobulinemia
Extremely low levels of Ab, due to lack of B-selection checkpoint
How can cancers evade NK cells?
Can downregulated NK-activating recepters, express mutated or missing Fas/FasL
What are the key steps in the sensitization stafe of a type IV hypersensitivity response?
What are recruitment of macrophages and local inflammation, antigen presentation to T cells, T cell activation and memory
This occurs when different strains of a virus infect a single cell.
What is antigenic shift?
This type of assay used to quanitify virus number relies on crystal violet to stain live cells post-infection
Plaque Assay
This immunosuppresive therapy involves creating double-stranded breaks in DNA to kill immune cells.
What is irradiation?
2 possible extrinsic factors that induce autoimmunity include?
What are infections (molecular mimicry), bystander activation, foods that alter gut microbial balance, northern geography, smoking, stress...?
Which gene is affected in Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)?
What is the beta chain of the Mac-1 integrin?
What gene defect is present within Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome?
What is a defect in the WASP gene
Describe the 3 steps of immunosurveillance/immunoediting
Elimination - Attacking the cells that can be targeted
Equilibrium - state of balance between destructive and survival of best cells
Escape -most aggressive and least immunogenic cells thrive and spread
List 3 cytokines/chemokines in mast cell granules
What are IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, IL-8, GM-CSF?
This viral glycoprotein helps a new virus escape from host cells.
What is Neuraminidase?
The ratio of infectious virus per host cell in PVSRIPO studies is called
MOI or multiplicity of infection
Certain combinations of transplants increase the success rate of transplantations. What is at least one pair?
Heart and lung, kidney and pancreas, or same donor.
An old 60 year old female patient presents with chronic inflammation within the joints. What could she be possibly have?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
What cells bind to High Endothelial Venule (HEV) and where are these found?
What are T cells and secondary lymphoid organs
Which immune cells are diminished in Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome?
What are T cells? (Recall: CD8+ and CD4+ cells require MHC I and II signaling respectively for activation, so lack of MHC results in minimal T cell activation)
What type of cancer immunotherapy can be combined with neoantigens by enriching neoantigen specific T cells?
What is Adoptive Cell Therapy?
What are the potential treatments for a fetus who is getting attacked by their Mother's anti-RH antibodies, and describe how it works.
What are Rhogam (Synthetic Abs bind to fetal RH, preventing lysis) and Intrauterine Fetal Transfusion (matching donor blood is transfused into the fetus to treat anemia)?
How does hep C evade immune detection?
blocking PKR to prevent eventual IFN signaling (blocking cytokine release)
PVSRIPO-infected tumors exhibited increased levels of this molecule, a reactive oxygen species implicated in tumor cytotoxicity.
Hydroigen peroxide H2O2
What organs have an easier time with transplantation, and can you give an example?
What is immune privledged organs (ex. eyes, cornea, testicles, etc.)?
Myasthenia gravis is a condition in which autoantibodies block _____ at motor-neuron junctions.
acetylcholine receptors (AchR)
Binding of the E-selectin to specific lectins on leukocyte occur; however, binding of the L-selectin to specific lectins on the endothelial cells does not occur. What will the outcome of this?
What is no leukocyte trafficking
Deletions in certain regions on chromosome 22 result in DiGeorge's Syndrome. What is a clinical outcome of this immunodeficiency with relation to a specific primary lymphoid organ? This organ is specifically depleted in an animal model known as a ...
What is developmental defects of the thymus? What are nude mice?
What drug blocks the HER2 growth signaling receptor?
What is Herceptin.
A mast cell has IgE binding to FCεR1 while IgG simultaneously binds to FcγRII. What will occur?
What is no mast cell degranulation?
Which type of parasitic pathogen is able to travel from the blood to the central nervous system?
Trypanosomes
Which cytokine is most closely associated with TRAIL-mediated killing?
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
Which type of cell is able to downregulate B regulatory cells?
Th17 cells
An intrinsic factor of autoimmunity where damage caused by the initial immune response leads to the recruitment of more immune cells is called what?
Epitope spreading