Safety & Asepsis
Homeostasis
Oxygenation
Infection Control
rAnDoM
100
What is Asepsis
What is practices that decrease or eliminate infectious agents, their reservoirs, and vehicles for transmission. It is the major method for controlling infection?
100
What is Homeostasis
What is a relatively stable state of physiologic equilibrium literally meaning "staying the same". The body maintains constancy by adjusting and readjusting in response to changes in the internal and external environment that foster disequilibrium?
100
What is oxygen therapy?
What is an intervention for administering more oxygen than is present in the atmosphere to prevent or relieve hypoxemia?
100
What is hand hygiene?
What is removing surface contaminants on the skin by either hand washing or hand asepsis?
100
35-45 mmhg <35mmhg is hyperventilation >45mmhg is hypoventilation
What is the normal range for PaCO2?
200
What is sterilization?
What is consisting of physical and chemical techniques that destroy all microorganisms, including spores?
200
Implies that entities in all these areas contribute to the whole person. Based on the principles of Holism, stressors may be physiologic, psychological, social, or spiritual. Holism is the foundation of two commonly held beliefs: (1) Both the mind and the body directly influence humans. (2) The relationship between the mind and body can potentially sustain health as well as cause illness.
What is the meaning of Holism?
200
Hypoxemia-insufficient oxygen within arterial blood. Hypoxia-inadequate oxygen at the cellular level. Hypercarbia- excessive levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.
What is the difference between hypoxemia, hypoxia, and hypercarbia?
200
Nosocomial infections
What are infections acquired while a person is receiving care in a health care agency? A UTI is the most common.
200
The 2nd intercostal space in the midclavicular line and in the 5th-8th intercostal spaces in the midaxillary line.
What are the usual sites for chest tube insertion?
300
The chain of infection. 1. An infectious agent 2. A reservoir for growth & reproduction 3. An exit route from the reservoir 4. A means of transmission 5. A portal of entry 6. A susceptible host
What is the sequence that enables the spread of disease-producing microorganisms. What are the six essential components?
300
1. The Alarm Stage: the immediate physiologic response to a stressor. At its onset, storage vesicles within sympathetic nervous system neurons rapidly release norepinephrine. 2. The Stage of Resistance: characterized by physiologic changes designed to restore homeostasis. 3. The Stage of Exhaustion: it occurs when one or more adaptive or resistive mechanisms are no longer able to protect the person experiencing the stressor.
What are the 3 stages of the general adaptation syndrome?
300
Two oxygen hazards: Fire potential- oxygen supports combustion it is necessary to control all possible sources of open flames/ungrounded electricity. No smoking signs must be hung up, no candles during O2 administration, do not use petroleum, aerosol, or acetone products. Oxygen toxicity: lung damage that develops when oxygen concentrations of more than 50% are administered for longer than 48-72 hours.
What are the two oxygen hazards? Explain how to prevent them.
300
Terminal disinfection- more thorough than concurrent disinfection and consists of measures used to clean a patient's environment after discharge. It includes scrubbing the mattress surface and the insides of drawers and bedside stands. Concurrent disinfection-measures that keep the client environment clean on a daily basis which include: cleaning less soiled areas before dirty, wet-mop floors/damp dust furniture. Frequently discard solutions used for mopping, never place clean items on the floor.
What is the difference between terminal disinfection and concurrent disinfection?
300
Encourage coughing, deep breathing, turning, ambulating to keep alveoli inflated and airway clear.
What are nursing implications to liquefy secretions?
400
Medical asepsis- practices that confine/reduce the numbers of microorganisms. Also. Called 'clean technique' it involves measures that interfere with the chain of infection in various ways. Principles: microorganisms exist everywhere except sterile equipment. PPE serves as a barrier to microbial transmission. Cleaning should be done from cleanest to dirtiest. Surgical asepsis- refers to those measures that render supplies and equipment totally free of microorganisms.
What is the difference between medical asepsis and surgical asepsis?
400
Stressors- changes with the potential to disturb equilibrium. As long as stressors are minor, the body's responses are negligible and generally unnoticed. When stressors are intense or numerous, efforts to restore balance may cause uncomfortable signs and symptoms. With prolonged stress related disorders, death may occur. Stress-reduction techniques- methods that promote physiologic comfort and emotional well-being. Some general interventions appropriate during the care of any client include: providing adequate explanation in understandable language, keeping the client and family informed, demonstrating confidence and expertise, remain calm, encourage family interactions.
What are stressors and what are some techniques to reduce them?
400
Diaphragmatic breathing- promotes the use of the diaphragm rather than the upper chest muscles. It is used to increase the volume of air exchanged during inspiration and expiration. Pursed-lip breathing- a form of controlled ventilation in which the patient consciously prolongs the expiration phase of breathing. This is another technique for improving gas exchange which if done correctly, helps patients eliminate more than the usual amount of CO2 from the lungs.
What is the difference between diaphragmatic breathing & pursed-lip breathing?
400
Resident microorganisms- generally, non pathogens constantly present on the skin. Example: staphylococcus epidermis. Transient microorganisms- pathogens picked up during brief contact with contaminated reservoirs. Example: E. coli
What is the difference between resident and transient microorganisms? Give an example of each.
400
Pathogen- microorganisms that cause illness. Example: tb, salmonella, diphtheria, typhoid fever, rubella, chicken pox. Non-pathogen- harmless, beneficial microorganisms live abundantly and perpetually on and within the human body, which is their host. Example: E. coli.
What are the differences between pathogens and non pathogens? Give an example of each.
500
Sterile field- a work area free of microorganisms. It is formed using the inner surface of a cloth or paper wrapper that holds sterile items, much like a table cloth. Sterile techniques are practices that avoid contaminating micobe-free items. Examples: sterile gloves, sterile gown, sterilization, sterilized equipment, sterile gauze.
What is a sterile field and sterile techniques?
500
Neurotransmitter- chemical messengers synthesized in the neurons. These allow communication across the synaptic cleft between neurons. An example is an endorphin. Endorphins are natural body chemicals that produce effects similar to those of opiate drugs such as morphine. In addition to decreasing pain, these chemicals promote a sense of well-being, tranquility, and pleasantness.
What is a neurotransmitter and give an example of it.
500
Pulse oximetry- a noninvasive, transcutaneous technique for periodically or continuously monitoring the saturation of blood. The sensor detects the amount of light absorbed by hemoglobin. It can be attached to the finger, toe, earlobe, bridge of the nose. Factors that interfere: movement of the sensor, poor circulation, barriers to light (nail polish, thick nails, acrylic nails), extraneous light (direct sunlight, many lights), hemoglobin saturation (CO2 poisoning)
What is a pulse oximetry and what are some factors that interfere with a accurate reading?
500
Anti microbial agents are chemicals that destroy or suppress the growth of infectious microorganisms. Some anti microbial agents are used to clean equipment, surfaces, and others are applied to the skin or administered internally. Examples: antiseptics, disinfectants, anti-infective drugs.
What are anti microbial agents and what are some examples?
500
A laboratory test using arterial blood to assess oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base balance. Arterial blood is preferred for sampling because arteries have greater oxygen content than veins and are responsible for carrying oxygen to all cells. An example of a normal reading of an ABG is 99mmhg.
What is an arterial blood gas (ABG) and give an example of a normal reading.
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